The Story Of Sweetheart Of The Song Of Tra Bong: The Use Of Setting :: essays research papers

The Story of Sweetheart of the call of Tra resound The Use of scene     Where does the story of Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong take place?Upon learning the story, one would first assume that it takes place in Vietnam.Upon further examination, however, it becomes quite unornamented that it really takesplace inside lemon kylies head. This isnt to declare the story false instead,one should examine the influence and literary freedom that Rat flexes upon thetruth. "For Rat Kiley facts were formed by sensation, not the different wayaround." (101) The story occurs in cardinal separate but equally chaotic placesVietnam, and Rats head. The story intertwines between the two settings, and inorder to altogether mountain range the idea behind them, one must first recognize, thenseparate and analyze the two settings.     Upon the first reading of this work, the reader finds himself droppinginto the story of a seemingly misplaced girl in Vietnam. The role of Rat Kileyseems somewhat minor and irrelevant. Upon the second and triplet times through,however, his role as the storyteller stands out. It becomes more evident thathe holds bloody shame Anne with the highest regard. He romanticizes her relationshipwith the war. He is so amazed with the fact that a girl can be seduced by thelure of the wilderness that he begins to talk about her with the listeners as ifshe were the attractive girl from school that everyone knows but nil dates." You knowI loved her. Mary Anne made you think about those girls back home,how clean and innocent they all are. " (123) Rat is pushing his views uponthe listener. He is formation how the story is seen. The reader sees "triple-canopied jungle, mountains blossoming into higher mountains, ravines and gorgesand fast-moving rivers and waterfalls and exotic butterflies and steep cliffsand smoky little hamlets and great valleys of bamboo and elephant grass." (103)The actual re ality of the situation is added by the narrator, as extrapolatedfrom Rat that they were in an almost completely indefensible situation. Hadsomebody cared enough to take control of the little base, there would be noresistance. Rat valued to let the reader know his tone on the citizens ofthe Viet Cong, how he wants the listener to think of them. "Mary Anne asked,Theyre human beings, arent they? Like everybody else? Fossie nodded. Heloved her." (107) Rat lets us know that he thinks the VC are less(prenominal) then human.Why did Fossie nod, in Rats opinion? Not because he thought Fossie felt she wasThe Story Of Sweetheart Of The Song Of Tra Bong The Use Of Setting essays research papers The Story of Sweetheart of the Song of Tra Bong The Use of Setting     Where does the story of Sweetheart of the Song Tra Bong take place?Upon reading the story, one would first assume that it takes place in Vietnam.Upon further examination, however, it becomes quite evid ent that it really takesplace inside Rat Kileys head. This isnt to declare the story false instead,one should examine the influence and literary freedom that Rat flexes upon thetruth. "For Rat Kiley facts were formed by sensation, not the other wayaround." (101) The story occurs in two separate but equally chaotic placesVietnam, and Rats head. The story intertwines between the two settings, and inorder to completely grasp the idea behind them, one must first recognize, thenseparate and analyze the two settings.     Upon the first reading of this work, the reader finds himself droppinginto the story of a seemingly misplaced girl in Vietnam. The role of Rat Kileyseems somewhat minor and irrelevant. Upon the second and third times through,however, his role as the storyteller stands out. It becomes more evident thathe holds Mary Anne with the highest regard. He romanticizes her relationshipwith the war. He is so amazed with the fact that a girl can be seduced by thelure of the wilderness that he begins to talk about her with the listeners as ifshe were the attractive girl from school that everyone knows but nobody dates." You knowI loved her. Mary Anne made you think about those girls back home,how clean and innocent they all are. " (123) Rat is pushing his views uponthe listener. He is shaping how the story is seen. The reader sees "triple-canopied jungle, mountains unfolding into higher mountains, ravines and gorgesand fast-moving rivers and waterfalls and exotic butterflies and steep cliffsand smoky little hamlets and great valleys of bamboo and elephant grass." (103)The actual reality of the situation is added by the narrator, as extrapolatedfrom Rat that they were in an almost completely indefensible situation. Hadsomebody cared enough to take control of the little base, there would be noresistance. Rat wanted to let the reader know his opinion on the citizens ofthe Viet Cong, how he wants the listener to think of t hem. "Mary Anne asked,Theyre human beings, arent they? Like everybody else? Fossie nodded. Heloved her." (107) Rat lets us know that he thinks the VC are less then human.Why did Fossie nod, in Rats opinion? Not because he thought Fossie felt she was

To kill a mocking bird :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay-Courage-Harper lee(prenominal)s timeless classic of human nature and evils of mankind are well highlighted through off the plot of To Kill a Mocking Bird. This novel mainly centers on the characters lives through racial prejudice at extreme measures. Courage is presented several times throughout the book and is the dominant defense towards vile stack and dead-ended circumstances. Justice and equality are two important traits lacking in the town of Maycomb. Tom Robinson, an innocent black man, is under wrongful accusation of raping a young girl, Mayella Ewell. Due to a lack of morality and fairness, black people are naturally sentenced guilty and must suffer with the consequences appointed by the judge. No ordinary lawyer wastes their time on a color coded case, since chances of the black side winning are nearly inexistent. Atticus Finch steps forward and agrees to uphold a black man, since he knows Toms innocent. This courageous leap costs Mr. Finch his towns respect and changes the outlook on his family. Knowing that he will suffer the case, Atticus bravely protects Tom Robinson to all extents and tries to achieve justice. Although his attempts to set racial equality fail, he doesnt lose confidence in his clients survival chances. Mr. Finchs risk almost cost his children their lives and cause many people to scorn at him. Tom Robinson knew how dangerous it was getting involved with Mayella would be, but he withal understood that she needed a friend in this world. His brave attempts to help her with life cost him his life. Atticus Finch knows his morals, holds to his goals and stands up for what he believes in. As word closely such an imposturous task of defending a black man gets out, the town of Maycomb is enraged. A mob of the communitys residents plot to visit the jail to profit a visit to Tom Robinsons cell. The town men arrive late at night, only to find Atticus quietly reading in front of the jail door. Facing 20 armed men in the middle of the night puts Atticus in a tight situation. The men broach arguing as Mr. Finchs safety becomes questionable. His daring personality doesnt allow him to change his mind and go home. Atticus still has faith in the people of Maycomb. He still believes that good lies deep within their minds. Just as the men begin to heat up and get impatient, Scout runs out of her hiding place, from which she had been secretly spying on her dad.

The Controversy Surrounding Computer Cryptography :: Technology

The Controversy Surrounding Computer Cryptography The topic of cryptography is being debated in the instruction processing system lately, especially since September 11, 2001. To begin with, though cryptography is secret writing or the enciphering and deciphering of messages in secret code or cipher. Cryptography has become truly popular in all aspects of life that deal with computers, which is almost every aspect of our cursory lives. Ever since the mid-seventies, cryptography is the new way of keeping information secret or private. However, just how good and safe is cryptography? There have been many forms of codes that were apply to send messages from group to group or individual to person. One of the first know type of secret messaging was done by the Spartans of Ancient Greece around 484 to 425 BC. Secret messages were written on wooden tablets and cover with wax to make the tablet look like wood again. The message could then be read after the wax was removed . The slaves trying to escape utilise another type of secret messaging. Some messages that they would use to signal each other were quilts. Certain patterns on some quilts gave directions to these slaves in how to escape into Canada. In addition, they used secret words to help guide their fellow slaves to freedom. One such code phrase was Follow the drinking gourd. This referred to the Big Dipper in the dark sky. Because most slaves traveled at night because it was safer, that phrase gave them directions to their freedom. Those were just a sample of early types of secret codes. Modern cryptography is far more complicated. It consists of extensive mathematical formulas that to most people looks like total gibberish. However, these formulas turn a normal sentence into undecipherable code. Modern encryption codes are used daily throughout our daily lives For example they are used widely throughout he In ternet for security purposes.

Chivalry in Arthurian Legend Essay -- Medieval Times Knighthood Essays

Chivalry in Arthurian LegendMerriam-Websters on-line lexicon defines chivalry as the system, spirit, or customs of medieval knighthood. As Leon Gautier, beginning of Chivalry, defines this system and spirit of knighthood by identifying rules of chivalry, two of which are well illustrated in Lanval, TheWife of Baths Tale, and The get hitched with of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnel Thou shalt never lie, and shall remain faithful to thy pledged word, and Thou shalt be generous, and give largess to everyone(qtd. in Chivalry). All three stories seem to counsel the predominant theme of a knight living up to his word. This is shown by the fact that, in each story, the knights oath is taken very seriously, is treated as a contract, and is trusted implicitly. The generosity of the knight is also portrayed in these works. It is not difficult to see, given the moral overtone of these rules, that the Church had a salient deal to do with defining the values of knighthood.The Wife of Baths Tale an d The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell both follow the story of a knight who makes a intoxicating promise on which his life depends. Even under the most difficult of circumstances, these promises are kept. In the story of Dame Ragnell and Sir Gawain, King Arthur is described by the author as a knight who bare away the honour, Where-so-evere he went(9). Surely he must be held to any code of honor imposed on a knight While on a hunting expedition, King Arthur is confronted by a fully armed knight, named Gromer Somer Joure. Arthur is alone, scarcely armed and unable to patronize himself against Gromer, who is ready to take Arthurs life. In order to avoid instant death, Arthur is forced to swear to return, alone and in this same arraye(87... ...h, defend the king, his land and his people, and be well-behaved to the ladies. They were honest, distinguished gentlemen. When they gave their word, it was trusted without doubt. They were the epitome of chivalry.Works CitedLanval. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Seventh Edition. Volume 1. New York 2000. (127-140).Merriam-Webster Online The Language Center. Online. Internet. 2000. Merriam-Webster Incorporated.Available http//www.m-w.com/Price, Brian R. On Knighthood. Online. Internet. 11/22/2000.Available http//www.geocities.com/capital of Greece/Oracle/7374/knights-2.htmlRules of Chivalry. Online. Internet. 11/11/2000.Available http//www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/5266/chivalry.htmThe Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Seventh Edition. Volume 1. New York 2000. (253-280).

Kaupapa Māori Theory and Critical Theory Essay -- Education, Philosop

Discuss how Kaupapa Mori Theory and Critical Theory are sympathetic to one another and yet differ from shortfall Theory. Use examples and references to support your claims. Remember your examples should relate to an educational setting. For many eons the roots of kaupapa Mori theory prolong grown in Aotearoa by virtue of world the Mori ideology a philosophical doctrine, incorporating the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values of Mori society whereas critical theory was developed in the Frankfurt School in Europe, in the 1930s. But apart from those thousands of miles and years, they have surprising similarities to each other (Pihama, 2001). Nonetheless kaupapa Mori theory is defined by Mori for Mori (Pihama, 2001). With a similar process, but not in a Mori context, critical thinking analytically questions what is normally recognised as the unquestionable truth and evaluates it before reconstructing it (Elder, 2007). genius vital aspect in the relevance to education of critical theory and kaupapa Mori theory is the importance of teachers creating positive learning environments (Ministry of Education, 2010). Contrasting this, an example as defined in the Te Kotahitanga report, is the deficit theory, where mainstream teachers blame the lack of Mori educational achievement on the students themselves, or their families or cultural background (Ministry of Education, 2010). The yield of this deficit theorising is probable failure of pupils in the school system. Discussed in this essay allow be the deficit theory and why education needs to insure towards the more positive models of the kaupapa Mori theory and critical theory with their similarities and successes. As prevention is better than cure, especially as the cure com... ...parents have used conscientisation, when they have not complied with the status quo of English medium schools, by moving their children, their whanau, their support and allegiance into the Mori medium schools. Tragically, this has be en because of deficit theorising, as Mori have been under(a) represented in educational successes, with teachers feeling there is little they can do to bring about change. Thankfully, for the greater percentage of Mori children who still die hard in English medium schools, with professional development models such as Te Kotahitanga, and Ka hikatia, with their Mori education strategy initiatives, educators can create learning contexts that will provide students with those tools that are vital for the future, the tools of creative, critically reflective thinking citizens in a culturally inclusive environment that will benefit all pupils.

Kaupapa Māori Theory and Critical Theory Essay -- Education, Philosop

Discuss how Kaupapa Mori Theory and Critical Theory are similar to one another(prenominal) and yet differ from Deficit Theory. Use examples and references to support your claims. Remember your examples should relate to an educational setting. For many eons the roots of kaupapa Mori theory have grown in Aotearoa by virtue of being the Mori ideology a philosophical doctrine, incorporating the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values of Mori society whereas critical theory was developed in the capital of Kentucky School in Europe, in the 1930s. But apart from those thousands of miles and years, they have surprising similarities to each other (Pihama, 2001). Nonetheless kaupapa Mori theory is defined by Mori for Mori (Pihama, 2001). With a similar process, but not in a Mori context, critical thinking analytically questions what is normally recognised as the for sure truth and evaluates it before reconstructing it (Elder, 2007). One vital aspect in the relevance to education of critical theory and kaupapa Mori theory is the importance of teachers creating positive study environments (Ministry of Education, 2010). Contrasting this, an example as defined in the Te Kotahitanga report, is the deficit theory, where mainstream teachers blame the lack of Mori educational achievement on the students themselves, or their families or cultural background (Ministry of Education, 2010). The consequence of this deficit theorising is probable failure of pupils in the school system. Discussed in this essay willing be the deficit theory and wherefore education needs to look towards the more positive models of the kaupapa Mori theory and critical theory with their similarities and successes. As prevention is better than be restored, especially as the cure com... ...parents have used conscientisation, when they have not complied with the status quo of English medium schools, by moving their children, their whanau, their support and allegiance into the Mori medium schools. Tragi cally, this has been because of deficit theorising, as Mori have been under represented in educational successes, with teachers feeling there is little they mint do to bring about change. Thankfully, for the greater circumstances of Mori children who still remain in English medium schools, with professional development models such as Te Kotahitanga, and Ka hikatia, with their Mori education strategy initiatives, educators can create learning contexts that will provide students with those tools that are vital for the future, the tools of creative, critically reflective thinking citizens in a culturally inclusive environment that will benefit all pupils.

IP addressing scenario Essay

When is it worth setting up a DHCP server for your office and how many a(prenominal) computers would you say is the minimum amount that really justifies the work of setting up the server? Lets first explore what DHCP is so we can deduce what it does and can accurately answer the question at hand.DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol and provides a mechanism for conveniently assigning cyberspace lotes and otherwise network configuration parameters to a system upon request, usually when it is first bootstrapped or attached to the network. This is what allows you to manage the IP address of any given computer on your network from one location. Being that we ran out of addresses for IPv4 and are now basically only using borrowed addresses Maintaining the IP address for a network individually would be a huge chore for any network professional. Thankfully DHCP was invented making our job a little easier.Now the question is when is it worth setting up a DHCP server? In my opinion that would be, with anything larger than 2 computers. I am going to want to be able to manage the computers on my network from one location, my location. I am not going to want to have to get up from my desk, interrupting my current task to configure your IP address go making sure the IP address I am assigning isnt a duplicate. This basically comes down to how much work you want to do as a network manager. Do you want to continually update and configure computers, at each individual desk, every time their IP address is released, or anytime you need to add computers to your office, or do you want to be able to do it from the comfort of your own computer? For me, I would be ok with 2 computers to maintain but any more then that and I am going to want the DHCP server set up.

On the Meaning of Life †John Cottingham Essay

What is our relationship with the globe who are we and how did we come to be seems to be the crowning(prenominal) movement of the sum of life. This question has always sparked powerful debates between the views of the phantasmal and modern accomplishment. Many believe this topic is a hotshot-sided issue where these views cannot co-exist with superstar another, either matchlesss a theist, believing in God as the soul creator and ruler of the universe or an atheist, disbelieving of a supreme being or beings.But in actuality, modern accomplishment does not count against the nature of a predict creator behind the universe. So as modern science offers an account of how things happened, religious beliefs account for a certain aspect of why, aiming towards finding significance and value. In On The Meaning of Life, bum Cottingham argues in order to have meaning, you must not eliminate one theory from the other modern science and religion must co-exist together. First, whats the meaning of modern science, and why does it contribute to the meaning of life?Philosopher Rene Descartes believed in mechanism, a theory holding that organisms are machines in the soul that they are material systems, thus explains biological processes, within the framework of science. In order to discover a fundamental set of principles that is based ultimately on the universal laws of mathematical natural philosophy that governed the behavior of all natural phenomena, celestial and terrestrial alike, (6) Descartes banish teleology (any system attempting to explain a series of events in terms of ends, goals, or purposes) from science.He believed in order to conceive this unified theory on that point was no room for purposiveness, and since this universal law was made of mathematical physics, there was no attain satisfactory coiffure to the question why (6). But Cottingham thinks if we were to achieve and complete a super-theory linking gravity and quantum physics together to ans wer the ultimate question, we still would fall short of explaining why there should be a universe at all. Cottinghams belief is acceptable because if this super-theory was completed, that included all observable phenomena in the universe, this theory still would not answer the question to why is it so. This is where science has reached its limits. Religion takes off of where science can no longer be held accountable to the meaning of life. Why should there be a universe there to explain? Unlike the language of science, religious language grapples with the task of addressing what cannot be fully captured by even the most complete scientific account of the phenomenal world (8). Instead of finding significance in terms of somatogenetic quantities and mechanical interactions, religious language reflects on the universes power, beauty, rhythm, and harmony.Therefore, religious converse pushes the limits of the observable, towards uncovering something beyond the phenomenal world, in hope s of giving meaning to the universe and to our human lives. Cottingham believes religion adds a framework within which that nature is revealed as more than just a set of characteristics encourages us with the hope that the pursuit of virtue contributes to the establishment of moral order that the cosmos was created to realize (72). In other words, the religious perspective offers a possibility for human purposeness by providing a powerful focus on moral goodness.Religious discourse is important because since science accounts for how the universe and humans were made. We feel that we are thrown into this world where vigor ultimately matters, but religion offers hope, value and significance towards life. After examining the different aspects modern science and religion brings to the ultimate question, Cottingham urges to combine the language of science and religion together in order to have meaning. Cottingham states in strict logic there is nothing to prevent such a strictly mecha nical system (of efficient causality) coexisting with a purposive system (of final causality) (48).Therefore we must not eliminate the possibility of the deuce systems (modern science and religion) existing together. Philosopher Leibnizs envisioned a world of spiritual purposes functioning in harmony with the world of physical mechanisms. This is also known as blind mechanical systems, whose outputs, at the same time, constitute the purpose planning and doings of conscious agents (48). Believing mechanisms and purposes could together volunteer an instance in support of the ultimate question of the universe. In addition, Spinoza had a parallel vision to Leibniz. He believed the universe of physical mechanisms (under the attribute of extension) only corresponds to spiritual ideas linking meaning and purpose to a willed creator (under the attribute of thought).Thus, we are dealing with one and the same thing but expressed in two ways. This showed Cottingham that since there has been no evidence to favor modern science of being the explanation of a divine nature, it does not logically eliminate the possibility of a divine creator of its meaning. So where science accounts for our human nature and origin, saying we have no ultimate significance, spirituality offers human life a sense of value.Darwins theory of natural selection opposes the possibility of linking modern science and religion together in one system. In order to get a sense of what threatens the framework of religion, this is the standard account of our human nature and origin About fourteen billion years ago, the cosmosincluding matter, radiation, space and time somehow began, exploding from a tiny concentration of matter-space energygravitational effects caused matter to clump into hydrogen massesfusing into helium. Explosions caused new heavier elements, which formed into plants.On at least one planet, a self-replicating molecule aroseevolved into living organisms, which diversified into all kinds of plants, animals, microbes etc. , all solely as a result of natural selection. After millions of years one such species became intelligent. Man is a product of these blind forces. The main conclusion from this theory is that the universe and everything in it is a result of natural selection, including humans therefrom Nottingham presumes there is no ultimate significance to the universe or to human life, (42) throwing out the idea of any religious significance.Darwin believed that human origin came from a purely accidental chain of blind natural forces. His view gave no choice or purposiveness in the divine nature, because everything was an entirely impersonal process. But Cottingham argues although this discovery has been scientifically accounted for, it is based on interwoven interpretation, an interpretation that goes distant beyond the truths and hypotheses that pertain strictly to the natural science (43).And that viewing religious thought as something able to be replaced b y modern science is strictly a metathesis -a claim that operates at one remove from the claims of science itself (43). As a result, Darwins theory cannot be taken very seriously because the standard account of human nature and origin is dependent on interwoven interpretation that has exceeded far from the fundamental principles of science. In essence, in order to account for the meaning of life, one must not choose modern science over religion or religion over modern science.Having one theory over the other does not manifest to the ultimate question of the meaning of life. Instead, we must link the two frameworks, divine nature and creator into a unified system. In Cottinghams words, we must leave the door open for the theist as indeed it does for the atheist. For where modern science can be longer contribute its findings to the meaning of life, religious language ascends from it bringing significance and value to human life. Beckie Chung Dreaming of the Earth 4 November, 2007 Cott ingham, John. On The Meaning of Life. New Fetter Lane Routledge, 2003.

Major Historical Developments of the Early Renaissance

According to Perry in his book, during the Middle Ages peck praised the greatness of God. They saw preparation for paradise as the most important reason for life. The beginning of the change from the medieval outlook to a modern one is called the Renaissance, or rebirth. It was the time of gradual change, not a sharp break in the Middle Ages. They continued to believe in the teachings of the Church. nevertheless to their religious beliefs they added many worldly interests and activities.During the Medieval Europe, we can pronounce that the Church plays an important role in the society, p artistic creationicularly the Christian belief. It is said that it was the foundation of medieval civilization. It gives form, direction and unity in the society. The commonwealth believe that the room to heaven is through the perform.The church was the center of life among medieval people. It was used as a community center. The church services were part of medieval peoples daily lives. The p riests also play as the teacher among villagers. They taught them the sacraments and teachings of the church. They provided services among the villagers like mass, provided care for the needy and sick, and taught children Latin. The Monks and Nuns were the finest examples of the Christian way of life according to the people during this period.One contribution to civilizations of the Middle Ages was that the convents and monasteries during this time established hospitals and provided shelter for travelers. It is also consider as the center of learning. They converted pagans to Christianity. Mendicants were visible in towns and even on open roads. They preach and they meet their needs by begging. Among those mendicants were Franciscans, Poor Clares and the Dominicans. The Dominicans main goal was not only to preach but also to convert every individual.The Church during this time insisted that people should obey the rules and doctrines of the Church in order to reached heaven. They tri ed to persuade heretics to return to the fold. If that failed, it would threaten them with excommunication. An excommunicated person would be expelled from the church and denied the sacraments. In the Age of Faith no punishment could be worse than this one.RenaissanceRenaissance is the term used during the beginning of change from the medieval outlook to a modern one it also means rebirth. It was also the time of gradual change. Renaissance people during this time were neither nonbelievers nor heretics. They still believe in the teachings of the church. But as time goes by, changes have brought to their beliefs that affect their activities and worldly interests. Renaissance does not only bring some changes in the beliefs of the people. Humanism is one example of this. in that respect are individuals who were known as humanists.The first great humanist of the Renaissance was Francesco Petrarch. He collected ancient Latin and Greek manuscripts and imitated the style of Great papisti c poets. He explored and sought his innermost feelings.Desiderius Erasmus, a gentle Dutchman was one of the respected Christian humanists. He was interested in studying human behavior. He wanted people to be kind and reasonable. He was consider as a Christian humanist because he spread the new learning and sought a deeper and purer religious devotion.There were medieval artists that were known during this time like Raphael, Michael Angelo Buonarotti, and Leonardo da Vinci. They express their feelings through paintings. Their work of art focuses on religion. Among their work of art were Madonna by Raphael the paintings of Michael Angelo in the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and even Mona Lisa of Leonardo da Vinci. All of this was reflections of the Christian religion.Like the Renaissance, the Reformation plays a big role during this time. Reformation was the time when many Christians left the Catholic Church.There are people that led to this reformation. One is John Wycliffe, he was from England who questions the basic teaching of the church that people can reached heaven through the Church. Another liberal was John Huss of Bohemia who was influenced by Wycliffe. He challenged the authority of the Pope, denounced the wealth of the clergy and called the deepening of spiritual feeling. The third reformist was Martin Luther, who was a German Monk who believes that people could reach God by Faith alone. He also nailed on the door of Wittenberg his Ninety-Nine Theses which denounces the indulgences of the Church.As a whole I can say that reformation plays a big role in the changes that occur to the religious beliefs of the people. It divided the unity of faith among westerners from universality emerge Protestantism. The Reformation also helps to develop modern economics attitudes. The secular attitude of the Renaissance contributed in the politics and the economic life of people in the society.ReferenceUnfinished Journey A World History. 1983. Marvin Perry. Hough ton MifflinCompany. Boston, Massachusetts. ISBN 971-11-0125-4

Kentucky Fried Chicken – Management Mission and Values of the Cupola Group

_ key outrect __ draw drift drawrect drawg _ _ draw hurl drawrect drawg _ tabular array of Contents textbook editionbooktoc-mark-end Ac spotledgement.. 3 textbookmark texttoc-mark-start Executive Summary .. . . 3 texttoc-mark-end Mission Statement texttoc-mark-end .. 6 Vision. 6 textbookmark texttoc-mark-start Comp all Overview texttoc-mark-end . 6 textbookmark texttoc-mark-start KFC In Pakistan texttoc-mark-end 8 textbookmark texttoc-mark-start Cupola Pakistan texttoc-mark-end . . 8 textbookmark texttoc-mark-start KFC Facts texttoc-mark-end 8 textbookmark texttoc-mark-start Performance Overview texttoc-mark-end 9 textbookmark texttoc-mark-start Organization texttoc-mark-end Structure. 11 textbookmark texttoc-mark-start Advertisement. . .. 11 Organizational Culture. 12 Food, Fun & Festivity, this is what KFC is all about. Leading the mart since its inception, KFC provides the ultimate chicken meals for the yellowish Loving Nation. Be it Colonel Sanders secret Original Recipe Chicken or the sweltry & Spicy version, every bite brings a YUM on the face. At KFC we proudly say _ KFC has more than 11,000 restaurants in more than 80 countries and territories around the World__.In 1971, Heublein, Inc. acquired KFC, in brief after, conflicts erupted between the Colonel (which was working as a public relations and goodwill ambassador) and Heublein management over quality control issues and restaurant_ _ draw set up _ _ drawframe _ _ drawframe _ _ drawframe _ _ drawframe _ _ drawframe _ _ drawframe _ _ drawframe _ Mission statement KFC is an internationally renowned agile nutrient industry in the world. They stomach the main ambition to increase & maintain the quality in truehearted food industry.Their use up is to capture the fast food market. Basically they want to provide their products to whateverone that is why they expending their branches in all over the world. They want to increase their profit by dint of giving maximum satisfaction VISION Our pa ssion, as a restaurant phoner, is to put a YUM on large bends faces around the world, satisfying nodes every time they decimate our food and doing it better than any other restaurant partnership. still used today. We Do Chicken RightPerfecting its secret recipe of 11 herbs and spices in 1939, KFC has come a long way, with over 10,000 outlets in the world KFC has maintained its title, for the last 60 years, of being The Chicken Experts. Kentucky Fried Chicken has become KFC. Does anybody know why? We thought the real reason was because of the FRIED food issue. Its non. The reason why they call it KFC is because they throw out not use the word chicken anymore. why? KFC does not use real chickens. They actually use genetically manipulated organisms.These so called chickens are kept alive by tubes inserted into their bodies to pump blood and nutrients without their structure. They collect no beaks, no feathers, and no feet. _ Their bone structure is dramatically shrunk to get more meat out of them. This is great for KFC because they do not energise to fall in so much for their production appeals. There is no more plucking of the feathers or the removal of the beaks and feet. _ KFC In Pakistan Presently KFC is branched out in nine study cities of Pakistan (Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Multan, Peshawar, Sialkot, Hyderabad, and Islamabad) with 45 outlets nation-wide.Opening the first KFC outlet in Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi in 1997, and KFC wore the title of being the market leader in its industry. Serving delicious and hygienic food in a relaxing environment made KFC everyones favorite. Since then, KFC has been constantly introducing hot products and opening new restaurants for its customers. About Cupola Cupola is a Dubai based multinational company involved in several business including, oil gas exploration, plastic cards, retail markets and food franchising. Cupola Pakistan Cupola holds the master franchise rights to operate KFC in Pa_kis tan since 1999.That was a major(ip) difference that when Cupola takes complete Operate in Pakistan that was only 05 Outlets in all over Pakistan, and then now the major difference that Cupola takes 45 Outlets in Pakistan. _ asunder from fulfilling the commitment of serving delicious, fresh and hygienic food and at the same time providing the customers with the ultimate entertainment KFC also plays part in the economic increment of our country. KFC Facts Presently KFC has provided employment to over 1200 Pakistanis, which adds up to 6000 individuals behavely dependent on KFC Pakistan.The Government of Pakistan receives over Rs. 10 to 11 million per month from KFC Pakistan as operate taxes. 95% of all food and packaging material used in KFC Pakistan is procured locally, which sums up to a purchase of over Rs. 35 million per month. Each new outlet developed by KFC Pakistan costs approximately Rs. 40 million, which is a huge amount for our construction industry. Annual turn over in Pakistan_ 2. 5 billion. _ KFC doesnt buy its supplies from Pakistan KFC and PakistanGrowing Together Performance OverviewOrganizational Structure Competition KFC does not consider Mc Donalds are its direct competitors. As Mc Donalds has a limited menu and cater to contrastive segments of society e. g. Mc Donald is catering to lower middle society of Pakistan. Though KFC has approach a teeny-weeny contestation from local restaurants but their breakeven in terms of revenue has been done and they are planning to expand further to other cities worry Islamabad and Peshawar. Yum discolorations, Inc. International Presence & Competition The International Portfolio of 5 leading U.S. Brands give Yum a distinctive advantage over the single-brand competitors. drawframe Customers KFCs customer market consists solely of the consumer market (Kotler et al 2003). KFCs products are bought by individuals (males, females, singles, and families). Therefore, the product range KFC offer should appe al to as many people within this consumer market as possible, to ensure that the maximum amount of products can be sold. The characteristics of these individuals and a segmentation of them are discussed later in this report. Company KFC is a multinational fast food cosmic string company that has successfully established itself in the Pakistan market. It has a long history, going back to where Colonel Harland Sanders created its distinct recipes. The KFC brand is rise known in Pakistan, which makes it a powerful merchandising tool to use against competitors. _ textbookmark texttoc-mark-start textbookmark texttoc-mark-start Advertising texttoc-mark-end texttoc-mark-end One of KFCs_ advertisements is a commercial advertizing its wicked crunch box meal.The commercial features a fictional black metal solidification called Hellvetica performing live, the lead singer then swallows fire. The commercial then shows the lead singer at a KFC feeding the wicked crunch box meal and saying Oh man that is hot. _ _In 2007, the original, non-acronymic Kentucky Fried Chicken name was resurrected and began to reappear on company marketing literature and food packaging, as well as some restaurant signage. _ Organizational Structure The KFC adopted traditional structure for their outlets that other food chains are following. There is one General passenger vehicle for Pakistan.The outlet is leaded by the Manager, assisted by two assistant managers, and one shift in-charge for each shift, that supervises the performance of counter workers and kitchen workers. Organizational Chart drawframe ORGANISATION CULTURE _ drawframe _ Big on diversity in the workplace _- Promotes differences in background, ethnic cultures, and values_ Team-oriented environment Focuses on dogma everybody something new Promotes building blocky in the workplace Focuses on building relationships and creating diversity and commitment within the company and amongst employees and customers FOUNDING TRUTHSSa tisfied customers and profitability follow. _ Respond To The vowelize Of The CustomerNot just listen. _ _ The Restaurant General Manager Is Our 1 LeaderNot senior management. _ _ Run Each Restaurant As If Its Our Only OneAvoid the trap of the averages. _ _ Recognition Shows You CarePeople leave when you dont. _ _ Quality In Everything We DoEspecially the food. _ Refocused international strategies _ warring marketing strategy_ _ Distribution strategy_ WEAKNESS Management Shift textlist-item textlist-item THREATS Consumer health food trend textlist-item BRINGING ABOUT EFFICIENCY lesser production costs Building healthful customer relationships Efficient hierarchical structure within the company starting from area_ manager till the food benefit team members_ _Every single chicken goes through Quality Assurance Lab. _ Porters Five Force Analysis drawframe Entry _For the current Pakistanmarket for fast food, it is not difficult for a fast food restaurant to enter the market.However, it would be extremely difficult to take over already running major fast food chains dominancy in Pakistanor even make a significant amount of profit. While there are enough people in urban Pakistanfor any restaurant to survive, KFC holds the first- chance uponr advantage into the non-veg food specialty food segment that gives them free reputation. Customers, especially children who are used to going to KFC as a treat or observe from their parents or grandparents, are not going to want to go to other restaurants theyve never heard of.The brand name is already established. Also, there is already a large variety in the numerous western-style dining places in Pakistan, such as _ McDonalds, Pizza Hut, Dominos and Subway, and any new fast-food entrants would just be presenting something very equal to whats already there. While small _Neighborhood restaurants generally have low barriers to entry, these are the _barriers to entry for similar restaurant businesses to enter the fast-food ch ain market.The customers of KFC, especially as individual buyers, have almost no bargaining power because if only one customer threatens to no longer eat at KFC, the store is not going to lower its price because the cost of losing one customer is not very great. The suppliers, like the buyers, have very little bargaining power. _In terms of food, KFC, upon its move into Pakistan, urged many of its U. S. suppliers to also extend branches into Pakistan. KFC also began helping local suppliers by giving them technological support to improve their products.This is a brilliant strategy because the supplies that KFC would otherwise need to import from the _ U. S. can now be obtained domestically, and if the U. S. suppliers decide to raise their prices, KFC can easily project to the local suppliers. This gives us a brilliant strategy. With this strategy, KFC created competition among its suppliers, lowering the supplier bargaining power. In terms of human resources, labor cost is extremel y low because the supply of non-skilled workers great exceeds the demand for them.With so little buyer and supplier bargaining powers, KFC is able to have a very tight control over its prices and expenditures. As mentioned above, there are a fewer major competitors in the fast-food industry _in Pakistanfor KFC, namely McDonalds, Pizza Hut, Dominos and Subway. The substitute products, in this case, would be burgers, pizza, and sandwiches. Though they are competitors, their primary products differ greatly from each other, in that they sell, chicken, burgers and fries, pizzas, and sandwiches, respectively.Traditional _ Pakistandining, home-cooked meals, and grocery stores with ready-to-eat foods are also substitutes, as families could choose any one of these over fast food for a meal. These substitutes are definitely considered healthy as compared to the fast food chains. Even foods from street vendors count as substitute goods. Unlike what one would expect, KFC has little rivalry wit h similar fast-food chains in _Pakistan. The primary reason is that their core products are different, as in they sell different kinds of fast foods with very different tastes and styles.For example, if KFC raised its price for chicken by a small amount, Pakistan chicken lovers who may not be as accepting to pizzas (many Pakistanpeople strongly dislike the taste of cheese) are not going to switch to Pizza Hut just because the price for KFC increased. In addition to that, these restaurants have such different target customers that the fluctuation of price for one restaurant is not going to affect the others. For example, a full meal at KFC ranges about Rs. hundred, whereas a full meal at Pizza Hut can cost over Rs. 300. The drastic difference in price assures no price competition between these restaurants. _ drawframe _ drawframe _ drawframe _ textbookmark texttoc-mark-start textbookmark texttoc-mark-start textbookmark texttoc-mark-start textbookmark texttoc-mark-start texttoc-mark- end texttoc-mark-end capital of Massachusetts Consultancy Group (BCG) Matrix texttoc-mark-end texttoc-mark-end textbookmark texttoc-mark-start textbookmark texttoc-mark-start Question Mark texttoc-mark-end texttoc-mark-end _Currently KFC have launched a new product in the market. They have also tried to come into the beverages market by launching its new brand of shakes called KRUSHERS.As it is a fairly new product it comes in the category of the Question Mark in the BCG Matrix. It has a low market share thus brings low revenue. KFC is advertising a lot to popularize this product so there is a lot of expenditure on it. This product is individually not bringing any profits and is a cash drain for the company. Company may decide to completely remove this product from the market if it does not do well currently and start bringing in revenue. _ textbookmark texttoc-mark-start textbookmark texttoc-mark-start DOG texttoc-mark-end texttoc-mark-end KFCsVeg Thali comes under this category. Although company had launched this product much earlier, it has still failed to become a success. As KFC is known more for its non-veg food, this also results in low demand for this item. It has a low market share and although low on expenditure (as company does not spend on its promotion), it does not bring in much revenue as demand is low. The product is mostly CASH NEUTRAL. textbookmark texttoc-mark-start textbookmark texttoc-mark-start CASH COW texttoc-mark-end texttoc-mark-end KFCs Chicken Bucket is the most successful product of the company.It has the highest market share amongst all the other products. It has good demand in the market and brings in huge gross revenue revenue. The development and other expenses are also low and thus this product is a CASH SIRPLUS for the company. textbookmark texttoc-mark-start textbookmark texttoc-mark-start STAR texttoc-mark-end texttoc-mark-end KFC Business Strategy KFC fast-food chains are currently under the restaurant partition of Pepsi Co Incorporated. Some major threats include the ever-changing attitudes of society toward healthier eating habits, KFC has more than 9,800 outlets located in 77 countries.In marketing, KFC restaurants are not restricted from locating within close proximity of other KFC restaurants. There are two alternative strategies for KFC. The first strategy involves keeping PepsiCo beverage division and snack foods division together, and a divestiture of PepsiCo restaurant division selling Taco Bell, Pizza Hut, and KFC. trade Strategies KFC Target commercialise KFC targets the young generation, as here in this country the young generation is more towards eating out and is more energetic. It targets the early single segment that is the focal ratio class. Aggregation StrategyKFC does not need aggressive marketing or advertising because Brand is strong enough. Market Segmentation Previously they were focusing on single segment that was through Niche Marketing by offering Combo Deals. today th ey are focusing more on other classes as well. They are dealing in masses by introducing value deals most recently introduced Zinger next-to-last. Benefits Colonels value combo meals introduced previously were expensive and so there were less sales but through their recent offers, they have increased the sales by offering low prices. Purpose Inflation highly affects the purchasing power of the customers.And here the purchasing power of many customers is low. To cover this major segment, they have introduced affordable meals, so that it is in reach of the masses. Want Specification The people here need a friendly and family restaurant, which must be affordable for them. Consumer Market Segmentation Region Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Multan, Peshawar, Sialkot, Hyderabad and Islamabad Geographic Gulberg The main Gulberg branch is situated on M. M Alam passageway, which covers a wide area and serves a large number of customers. This restaurant faces competition with many top Fast Food restaurants located on the same road.Defence Their Defence Branch in H-Block focuses the potential customers of Defence. Barket Market This branch covers the area of Model Town, Johar Town, Muslim Town, Garden Town and Faisal Town. It is situated among many offices and banks. Cavalry Ground Shadman The Shadman branch is located on Jail Road and serves potential customers. Thokar Niaz Baig This restaurant branch serves latent customers. Mall Road Fortress Stadium Marketing Mix Marketing mix consists of 4Ps. It contains everything a firm can do to influence the demand for its product. The 4Ps are PRODUCT PRICEPLACE PROMOTION Their product is classified as consumer product as it has no intermediates. KFC offers specialty goods. The stock turn over of KFC is high. Price and quality of the product is always compared. Their product includes textlist-item _ written with it. _ comes in mind. KFC Brand textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item Brand s Equity Branding Strategies KFC is marketing the entire output under products own brand. Complementary Branding Packaging Strategies They use musical composition material for packaging to avoid health hazards and environmental pollution.Labeling price In introduction stage KFC entered the market using market-skimming strategy. Their products were high price and targeted only upper class. Gradually they trickle down focusing on the middle class to penetrate the market. Also KFC follows one price strategy. Price is determined according to the rank of the raw materials and policies of the Govt. The political and legal forces often affect the policies of KFC and eventually results in change of prices that is due to imposing of taxes. KFC has only one channel of distribution i. e. direct where the goods are transferred to the consumer directly.KFC has no middlemen. KFC does distribution of consumer goods directly to the consumer. KFC also does distribution of services to the consumer like parking, sitting, home delivery, etc. KFC gets Wheels KFC launched its first mobile unit, which took the streets of Karachi by storm. The mobile unit has been designed to cater to the needs of those who are on the go, and have little time to stop by at a restaurant. It also provides a unique(p) convenience of enjoying the delicious KFC offering anytime, anywhere, thus making fast food truly fast and convenient. KFC intends to further develop its mobile network nationwide through more such units KFC does intensive distribution on its outlets. (All and everything on every outlet). The logo features Colonel Harland Sanders that is one of the best logo in the world has created its name as a standard in the market. Today the Colonels Spirit and heritage are reflected in KFCs brand identity. KFC by its advertisements derives the desire in the customer to come and enjoy healthy food in their favorite restaurant. They spend 2% of its profits on advertisement. They use print media and most recently doing televised marketing to promote it products.Their advertising media involve Newspapers, Pamphlets, Billboards and Television. KFC does both the primary demand advertising (Become a Chicken Fanatic) and the selective demand advertising (e. g. Zinger meal). In its advertising it give informative messages like Faryad Keep the city Clean. KFC does institutional advertising to stimulate demand. When KFC offers new products then it does product advertising. KFCs ads act as counteracts which means to drive the customer to KFC i. e. it uses pull advertising strategy. _ drawframe _ Unlike McDonalds, KFCs promotion is highly decentralized.It adopts cultural values for their advertisements PSO had made a scheme in which PSO had given the coupons of KFC having 10% off. (1 coupon was given after each purchase of 10 liters of petrol) KFC in its advertisements says Nobody does chicken like KFC We do chicken right The message conveyed in the ads is recognition for the brand. KFC does competitive advertisement with its head on competition with McDonalds. Regarding this KFC uses Pricing below competition strategy. KFC sponsors many NGOs and other social welfare organizations like Regular sponsorship to SOS village.Sponsorships to FARYAD_ a plant and breeding association. FARYAD Keep The City Clean. They also offer different deals according to the season and occasions. _ Quality Assurance Food Safety Chicken & its Products Locally produced and urbane chicken. Supplied in frozen form Marketing Research and methods to collect information Marketing research was done before launching the product through different mediums. It was conducted after the survey that mostly students prefer to go to KFC than other people. The second in majority were people who are in services. That covers the majority of this country. drawframe _ drawframe drawframe drawframe drawframe Strategic management Market Development Product Development coaxial Diversification Implementations textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item textlist-item Recent Achievement of KFC The Stevie International Business Awards KFC Pakistan was honored to receive the award among 100 countries and 800 participants. The award was presented to Mr. Rangoonwala by Mr. Graham Allan, President, YUM Restaurants International at a recent conference in Prague, Czech Republic.KFC is a very strong chain of fast food restaurants with more than 10,000 restaurants all over the world. Being in Maturity Stage it has high opportunities of introducing its new products and deals. In Future it will be expanding its chain by introducing more outlets in Pakistan as well as in other countries. Believe in value creation. Provide ultimate choice of active service restaurants for consumers. Won the hearts of millions of Pakistanis _ drawframe _ References Yum Brands, Inc. http//www. yum. com KFC http//www. kfc. com KFC Barkat Market Mr. Shabir (Marketing Manager)

College vs. High School Essay

There is so much freedom and you must use your time wisely in order to succeed. When you get to the university you exit find you run all sorts of masses from all over the place with so many different cultural backgrounds and religions and beliefs and opinions. You get exposed to new ideas and new sees. The classes are very different too. If you live on campus, it will possible be your first time living away from home, which is a huge experience. And once you find your major, you will find your people. You will actually be going to work with people who want to be there.As opposed to high school where students have to be there and many sens careless about the subjects. College is a completely new experience with many unique aspects that can change and help deposit ones life. Many people love college, and find it to be a new beginning. It is a new opportunity to define yourself as an individual. You can establish a new image, because everyone is looking to do the exact same thi ng. In college, its time to strap down and get to break away. Theres truly no room for error. Classes are spread out throughout the week, and you often have much down time.There is a lot of cook and it is crammed into a short period. It is up to you to know when to eat lunch, and it is up to you when to study. It is also your decision to fill that time where you are not studying or doing civilise with productive things. High school is a period in which many new things happen. You now find yourself in a world full of fierce hormones, honors classes, and new found freedoms. High school is routine in a way. You have your eight or so classes year round, and you know when you will be eating lunch.The same kids you went to elementary and middle school with probably are the same kids you went to high school with. Basically, high school is much regimented, and many people find themselves having the same friends for many years. Because of this, in turn once a reputation or image was est ablished for you in high school, most likely that was going to stick with you for the rest of your time left. The work in high school is a piece of cake. Unless you are taking honors or AP courses, there is really no reason why someones GPA should drop below 2. 5. Classes in high school are small in size, commonly between twenty and thirty students, and there is a one on one feeling with the teacher. It is a laid back atmosphere because everyone knows each other. too in high school, many students find a way around the school part. Countless students slack off and dont apply themselves to their work or studies. Because of this, many students find themselves doing new extracurricular activities, and I think we all know what is meant by that. It is very easy in high school to fall into bad habits.High School is a perfect opportunity to go down the wrong path and find yourself in bad situations. In conclusion, even though high school is an important step in life, college is an even bi gger step. They are similar in some ways just now in others they are the same. High school prepares you for college. It is a time full of new experiences and lessons. College is a new chapter in life and you can basically diverge over. In a way, college is a mature version of high school. High school and college are what you make of it. To find the true similarities and differences, one must experience both for themselves.

Workforce Diversity and the impact SHRM has towards Competitive Advantage

Workforce Diversity covers a wide variety of differences, which include race, gender, age, culture, nationality, religion, sexuality, interests, of necessity and desires (Hartel & Fujimoto, 2000). In order to explain hands variety show in depth, this essay will utilise Race/Ethnicity as the draw smorgasbord feature film, discussing the various theories and practices utilize in strategic Human Resource charge (SHRM) to develop and roll in the hay diversity.In order to achieve increased plaqueal performance, a strategic plan mustiness be implemented to position people throughout the agreement and to allot these divers(a) cultures and heathen backgrounds, and nurture their creativity and innovation, diverse recruitment and schooling is under bundlen. by the use of the diverse labour pool available when recruiting, an organisation domiciliate returns from the different skills and knowledge obtained by the diverse employees.Secondly, their creativity, innovation network range, uniqueness and specialness, serve as a means of giving the organisation unique resources and processes that competitors be unable to produce or replicate, resulting in the organisation benefiting from a human beings capital based competitive advantage. This essay discusses workforce diversity, competitive advantage, diversity orientation, diversity openness, and effects of diversity on team and individual performance, and diversity watchfulness. out-of-pocket to the effects globalisation has on the organisations today, organisations must diversify the methods in which they manage their human resources and establish a competitive advantage to compete in the stream global market. By defining the presence of differences among members of social units (Jackson et al. , 1995, as cited in DNetto & Sohal, 1999), different types of diversity can be identified and the groups can be categorised in order to manage them potent and efficiently.According to H?rtel and Fujimoto (2000), Workforce diversity is categorised into two dimensions Observable differences and Underlying differences. Firstly, observable differences take into account the diverse characteristics much(prenominal) as race, gender, age, verbal/non-verbal behaviours. Secondly, underlying difference encapsulates less observable differences such as values/beliefs, sexual orientation, skills/knowledge, and religion. These two dimensions devote to the influence of the process and outcomes of many organisations.As suggested by Ayoko and H?rtel, impact of diversity of workgroups has been a focus for most studies on diversity however, in diversity studies from Cox and Blake (1991) and Jackson (1992), cultural heterogeneity differences in race, ethnicity and national origin have been the focal point. Experiences of set about gumminess and social integration (Hambrick, 1994), more conflict, higher(prenominal) turnover, less trust, less job satisfaction, more stress, more absenteeism, and more communic ation difficulties ( Alder, 1991 OReilly et al. 1992 Zenger and Lawrence, 1989) ar shown as the key comparisons in the research between diverse workgroups and homogeneous groups. Diversity has both positive effects such as increase opportunity for creativity and cast out effects such as increasing the likelihood of dissatisfaction and failure to identify with ones workgroup (Milliken and Martin, 1996). Ric stark Florida (2004, 2005 Lee et al. 2004) argues that diversity influences economic competitiveness directly by fostering creativity and innovation, which are elements for promoting rarity and unique ideas and concepts, giving an organisation an advantage in its market. Organisations that acknowledge workforce diversity and its different viewpoints, and facilitate unique and creative approaches to business solving, increase creativity and innovation within the troupe, leading to increased organisation performance and competitive advantage.By utilising the diversity and realis ing its potential, organisations are able to attract and retain the best talent available, reduce costs due(p) to lower turnover and fewer lawsuits enhanced market understanding and market ability greater creativity and innovations better problem solving greater organisational flexibility, better decision making, and better overall performance (Cox, 1993 Cox and Blake, 1991 Cox, 1991 Robinson and Dechant, 1997 Carlozzi, 1999 Griscombe and Mattis, 2002 McAllister, 1997 Watson et al. 1993). Allan et al. (2007) suggests the negative effects of diversity to organisational performance such as lower employee satisfaction and higher turnover (OReilly et al. , 1989), creating a sense of detachment (Tsui et al. , 1992), lower cohesiveness, and difficulties in communications, and intergroup conflict and tension (Richard et al. , 2003 Cox, 1993). These effects of poor diverse planning and management would have severe and damaging results for the organisation.The use of Strategic Human Resourc e Management and Diversity Management are used to manage the broad exposition of diversity, inclusive of everyone and values the differences that from each one individual brings to the organisation. The unavoidableness for a broader definition is recognised by Loden (1993), realising that theories only based on affirmative action and stir employment opportunity tend to focus only on women and minorities which result in organisation efforts that are sectioned with the outcome of otherwise groups feeling disenfranchised.Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) uses people as one of its components to gain competitive advantage. To be able to retain this advantage, the resources must remain scarce and hard to duplicate, have the inability to be directly substituted, and enable companies to pursue opportunities (Barney, 1991 Boyd & Wright, 1992). The key to a competitive advantage is how well the human resources work within the company (Pfeffer, 1994), leading to the creation of v alue, hard to imitate, and is rare which in turn increases sustainability of the competitive advantage.As the global market and its demographic characteristics of its customers change, so must an organisations to retain a competitive edge in the market (Cox, 1994). As communities become more multicultural, organisations must change their human resource structure so that it is aligned with the customers needs, as the organisation span widens globally, employees are then needed to understand the customers references and requirements (Cox & Blake, 1991). In order to tap diverse employees, Diversity-oriented Human Resource Management (HRM) is utilised and is achieved through the implementation of HRM policies.By strategically focusing on processes such as employee attraction and recruitment, retainment, training and development, and organisational alignment (Denton, 1992 H?rtel & Fujimoto, 2010 Rosen & Lovelace, 1991), diverse employees can be promoted to assist an organisation to mana ge the challenges the come with todays diverse marketplace. Problems arise for HRM when implementing diversity initiatives, such as convincing top management that the initiatives will benefit the organisation.Management can see the diverse initiatives as being too expensive, production whitethorn be reduced and disruption the workplace (DNetto & Sohal, 1999). On the other hand, diverse-oriented organisations not only accept diversity, they also recognise it as an integral slice of the organisation (Richard & Johnson, 2001). The key aspects of diversity orientation work design, staffing, training, and compensation are all embedded with the foundation of diversity, thus being valued as the core part of the organisation.It is through the bundling of the HRM policies and practices that direct the organisation towards diversity and diversity management. The organisation activities of training and development, work design, staffing, and compensation programs need to all supporting and re inforcing diversity for the validation of diversity orientation to be successful. Coinciding with the organisational activities suggested previously, procedural fairness must be undertaken so that both majority and minority groups do not screw a sense of feeling left out.Diversity orientation is a rewarding tool when striving for competitive advantage however, diversity orientation is not universal. The effectualness of diversity orientation involves a substantial commitment of resources and a willingness to experience inefficiencies for a time, although through persistence, this tolerance for inefficiency may be of great benefit for organisations desiring innovation, high-commitment work environments, and the ability to face dynamic environments.To be able to effectively manage diversity, the implementation of SHRM policies and procedures regarding recruitment and training must first be undertaken. Problems need to be identified so that the reject policies and procedures can be put into place. DNetto and Sohal (1999) suggest several best practices be used to improve workforce diversity management during recruiting and selection job descriptions and selection progress that cover job relevant duties, qualifications, and experience and comply with anti-discrimination legislation. Successful organisations can benefit from orkforce diversity by creating an organisation environment which attracts people from diverse labour markets. A competitive edge is promoted by selecting the right people for the correct task disregardless of race (Cornelius, 1999). Through recruitment, human capital is used as a driver for competitive advantage by selecting diverse individuals with specific, unique, and rare skills, increases the efficiency and effectiveness of an organisation, exploiting market opportunities, and neutralise potential threats (Barney, 1991 Ulrich & Lake, 1991).Human capital that is not readily available in the labour market and not easily duplicated by oth er organisations provides a potential source of competitive advantage (Snell, Youndt & Wright, 1996). Management needs to proactively communicate the organisations commitment and reasons for valuing diversity, invest in training, socialisation, and other efforts to manage conflicts effectively (Richard et al. , 2002).Once the right people have been employed it is then up to Human Resource management to implement diversity orientated training, back up to retain the diverse workforce and to focus on the organisation as a whole, creating an environment where clear, unambiguous policies and procedures are initiated. Training can create an sense of certain traps and provide strategies for addressing any underlying issues (Barry & Bateman, 1996).A well implemented training program will provide employees with a better understanding of each others race, culture, gender, religion, and sexual preferences. It will help those who are not from diverse backgrounds identify the strengths and opp ortunities that are supplied by the minority groups. Communication problems can be addressed through proper diverse training, helping employees understand that minority groups are handled differently according to their skills and knowledge as opposed to the employment due to their minority status.The benefit of diversity-orientated training is that it reduces the amount of bias from both employees and management, allowing the diverse groups to be accepted for the skills and knowledge they offer, which in turn, leads to a more productive, innovative, and creative organisation and promotes cohesion and cooperation between colleagues (H?rtel & Fujimoto, 2010), resulting in human resources and practices that are of a competitive nature. The first two theories loving Identity and Similarity Attraction both dentify the negative effects that diversity can have on an organisation and how it can also affect the competitive advantage, in the form of human resource. Firstly, Festingers (1954) studies of neighborly Identity theory focus on the development of social identity which results in the comparison of individuals towards other group members. The outcome of these comparisons can result in the individual with either a positive or negative self-image (Richard & Johnson, 2001), and desire to be part of the group or wanting to leave a group.Social Identity theory suggests that being part of a group creates a feeling of collective representation of self-identity and behaviour. According to Tajfel (1982), the psychological process associated with this theory generates obvious group behaviour, such as, solidarity within a group, conformity to group norms, and discrimination against out groups. The second theory of Similarity Attraction (Byrne, 1971) is reliant upon demographic characteristics such as race.Similarities are perceived by individuals and compared to other members of a group, fostering trust, mutual cooperation and interaction. These effects lead to sub grou ps which, in turn, lead to less effective team function as a whole. Finally, theory that describes the positive attributes to diversity is the Information Processing and Decision Making Theories (Gruenfeld et al. , 1996), suggesting that decision making and exchanging of information are improved within groups that are more diverse.Benefits arising from diversity are their ability to use a greater variety of resources, allowing the use of more diverse networks. The key to dealing with all of these theories of diversity are correct usage of Diversity Management, allowing management to identify the characteristics of each and deal with them accordingly, in doing so conflict, absenteeism, and discrimination are reduced, allowing for cohesion, creativity and innovation to be produced.Competitive advantage, organisation effectiveness, increased productivity and coherent organisational environment are all outcomes that can be acquired through the correct implementation of Diversity Managem ent. These can be achieved through the building of specific skills, creating of policies and drafting practices (DNetto & Sohal, 1999), which in turn, get the best results from every employee. The management of diversity can be identified as the leveraging and use of cultural differences in peoples skills, ideas nd creativity to contribute to a common last in such a way that an organisation can achieve an advantage above that of the organisations competition (Deversky, 1994 Fernandez, 1993 Morrison, 1992). The management of diverse groups is becoming increasingly difficult. globalization is a large contributor to workforce diversity, increased migration as a result of the opening of foreign borders, especially from different countries where people were originally migration from, resulting in a wider span of people with diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds populating the country.In order to achieve competitive advantage through the use of diversity and SHRM, ethnic diverse individuals/ employees must be strategically managed so that their diverse attributes can be utilised within the organisation, leading to organisation performance and efficiency. Diversity Management focuses on the inclusion of the full span of diverse employees, allowing them to perform to their full potential, ensuring that their wellbeing, both individually and in the organisation remain positive. Introducing training, development, and affective leadership are concepts that help develop diverse employees.According to H?rtel and Fujimoto (2010), it is reported that employees working in a diversity managed organisation have an improved work-life and higher cohesion among employees. Diversity Management has many positive effects which include understanding that minority viewpoints foster quality of thought, performance, and decision making (Nemeth, 1992), and that groups made up of bigger diverse backgrounds and characteristics produce a wider variety of ideas, solutions, and alternatives than t hose groups with similar demographic characteristics (Bantel & Jackson, 1989 Jackson, 1992).Once these viewpoints are identified and understood, procedures and practices can be implemented to embed their skills and knowledge resulting in better organisational performance. Task conflict, when using diverse groups to problem solve complex, non-routine tasks, results in disagreements amongst members about task, including viewpoints ideas and opinions, utilising their skills, knowledge, abilities, and perspectives, leading to more complete analysis of the issues and improved decision-making and performance (Jehn, 1995 Pelled, 1996).In conclusion to the discussion of the previous associative approaches to managing diversity, the essay found limitations as a result of the quantity of differences that incorporate diversity, it would be limited to arguing the characteristic of Race/Ethnicity and the effects that workforce diversity has on its contribution to competitive advantage.The review concluded that the need for a contingency approach is needed to manage diversity effectively, as problems are constantly arising due to the ever changing demographical characteristics of todays global market. Individuals from diverse cultures are migrating to areas in which they previously were not. This results in the need for continuously updated training and recruitment with placement of diverse individuals into positions to effectively communicate and network with global customers.

Differentiate Mencius and Confucius Class in Human Nature Essay

Confucius view on world constitution was non clearly and distinctly supplied in the Analects. It is no confusion that matchless of his disciples complained that one cannot get to hear his view on hu humans personality (A, 513).1 In two passages of the Analects, Confucius classified men as belong to three groups upper, middle and lower, but as this classification was made according to mans learning readiness it had nothing to do with the common nature of man.2 An separate two passages expressed more directly Confucius opinion in this respect.THE THEORY OF CONFUCIUS ON HUMAN NATUREConfucius view on human nature was not clearly and distinctly supplied in the Analects. It is no surprise that one of his disciples complained that one cannot get to hear his view on human nature (A, 513).1 In two passages of the Analects, Confucius classified men as belonging to three groups upper, middle and lower, but as this classification was made according to mans learning ability it had nothing to do with the common nature of man.2 Another two passages expressed more directly Confucius opinion in this respect. On the al-Qaida of Confucius teachings, Mencius and Hsn-tzu developed philosophies which some clock were considered mutu just(prenominal)y complementary.As regards the theory of human nature, however, Mencius and Hsn-tzu obviously held incompatible views. The following discussion provide try to show that Mencius theory of human nature as good is in fact a theory of human flavour as good, and Hsn-tzus theory of human nature as evil is actually a theory of human desire as evil. These two theories argon not necessarily contradictory, since they sh be the said(prenominal) underlying mentation that human nature tends toward morality. To clarify this point, we will lay more stress on the works of Mencius and the Chung-yung which directly elaborated on this idea than on those of Hsn-tzu and the I-chuan which veritable this idea in an implicit way.MenciusEtymologi birdsongy, human nature (hsing) comes from birth or to be natural with (sheng). The common understanding of this word in ancient china can be cast of charactersulated as follows The inborn is what is meant by nature (M, VI, A, 3).5 However, this consideration of the origin of nature exhibits only what a thing has rather than what a thing is it expresses at most the sameness rather than the divergence of all things. In state to determine what a thing is, it is necessary to know its vegetable marrow the genus plus the difference of species. This rule, made familiar by Aristotle, was true also for Mencius. First, Mencius was quite aware that in dealing with eitherthing of the same kind, we must determine what this same kind means, and this is even more true when applied to man. Mencius said, Now, things of the same kind are all alike. Why should we have doubts when it comes to man? The sage and I are of the same kind (M, VI, A, 7). The wicked, however, also belong to the same k ind. Thus, in determining the marrow of human beings, we should find the difference of species. Mencius said, Slight is the difference in the midst of man and the brutes.The common man loses this distinguishing disport, while the gentleman retains it. Shun understood the way of things and had a keen insight into human relations. He followed the path of benevolence and mightyeousness. He did not need to pursue benevolence and righteousness (M, IV, B,19). Clearly, the essence or the distinguishing feature of man must be understood through the slight difference betwixt man and the brutes. The domainment near Shun is an example that benevolence and righteousness are the interior path of man, following which will have a great effect. The implication of this whole sentence is probably that benevolence and righteousness belong to the slight difference.6 Another paragraph will also second clarify the distinguishing feature of man. A gentleman differs from other men in what he retain s in his heartnamely, benevolence and propriety (M, IV, B, 28). Granted that the human essence of man can be described as benevolence, righteousness, propriety, etc., how can common people lose it? Can something be defined by a feature which can be lost? The key to the decide lies in the idea of heart, which is to be understood here as neither bodily heart, nor soul, but hear with sensitivity.Concerning human nature, Mencius presents his famous theory of the four germs of the heart, concluding as follows From this it can be seen that whoever is devoid of the heart of compassion is not human, whoever is devoid of the heart of take down is not human, whoever is devoid of the heart of courtesy and modesty is not human, and whoever is devoid of the heart of right and wrong is not human (M, II, A, 6). These four states of heart are named, in turn, the germs of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom (M, II, A, 6) within mans heart, which forms the difference of human beings. Human nature must be defined through this heart Mencius said, That which a gentleman follows as his nature, that is to say, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom, is rooted in his heart (M, VII, A, 21). Therefore the goodness of human nature resides in the goodness of the heart. A reservation, however, must be added, namely, that goodness exists only in the state of germ and needs to be retained, nourished, and developed. In this way Mencius demonstrated that human nature is tending toward goodness.He did not terminate at this point, but continued to examine the nature and origin of the heart. Mencius affirmed that there is a propensity for victimisation within the heart which makes it an evaluating heart. If this means an ability to be moral and human beings are moral agents,8 does not its propensity for development imply in some sense a commanding heart?9 It must be the case, and then, that the evaluating heart is at the same time the commanding heart, for otherwis e how could Mencius honor as gentleman those who retain it? Only with this understanding does it become meaningful to say that there is nothing better for the nurturing of the heart than to reduce the number of ones desires (M, VII, B, 35). Only if the heart does more than measure out can Mencius say, The sole concern of learning is to go after this strayed heart. That is all (M, VI, A, 11). On the basis of this double character of the heart, we can look further at the heart in itself.Mencius used one word thinking to sum up the function of the heart. He said, The organ of the heart can think. But it will find the answer only if it does think otherwise, it will not find the answer. This is what Heaven has given me (M, VI, A, 15). By thus explaining the source of the heart, especially its function of commanding, he bridges the gap between Heaven and man. Therefore, instead of stating that Mencius substitutes self-legislation for external divine command, we prefer to say that mans se lf-legislation is bestowed on him by Heaven.10 The relation between Heaven and man is another interesting topic in Mencius thought, but is beyond the scope of the present essay. What we have established thus far is that the power wherefore human nature tends toward goodness consists in its relation with Heaven. Better known in China as Master Meng (Chinese Mengzi), Mencius was a fourth-century BCE Chinese idea whose importance in the Confucian tradition is second only to that of Confucius himself.In many ways, he played the role of St. Paul to Confucius Jesus, interpreting the thought of the police captain for subsequent ages while simultaneously impressing Confucius ideas with his own philosophic stamp. He is most famous for his theory of human nature, according to which all human beings share an inhering goodness that either can be cultivated through education and self-discipline or squandered through neglect and negative influences, but neer lost altogether. While it is no t clear that Mencius views prevailed in early Chinese philosophical circles, they eventually won out after gaining the support of influential chivalric commentators and thinkers such as Zhu Xi (Chu Hsi, 1130-1200 CE) and Wang Yangming The Mencius of History deal the historical Confucius, the historical Mencius is a vailable only through a text that, in its complete form at least, postdates his traditional lifetime (372-289 BCE). The philological contr oversy surrounding the date and composition of the text that bears his name is far less intense than that which surrounds the Confucian Analects, however. most scholars agree that the entire Mencius was assembled by Mencius himself and his immediate disciples, perhaps shortly after his death. The text records several encounters with various prescripts during Mencius old age, which can be dated between 323 and 314 BCE, making Mencius an active figure no later than the late fourth century BCE. The other major source of information abo ut Mencius life is the life sentence found in the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian) of Sima Qian (c. 145-90 BCE), which states that he was a native of Zou (Tsou), a small state near Confucius home state of Lu in the Shandong peninsula of north China.He is said to have studied with Confucius grandson, Zisi (Tzu-ssu), although most modern scholars doubt this. He also is thought to have become a minister of the state of Qi (Chi), which also was famous as the home of the Jixia (Chi-hsia) Academy. The Jixia Academy was a kind of early Chinese think tank sponsored the ruler of Qi that produced, among other thinkers, Mencius later opponent Xunzi (Hsun-tzu, 310-220 BCE). Mencius inherits from Confucius a set of terms and a series of problems.In general, one can say that where Confucius saw a unity of home(a) and outer in terms of li (ritual propriety), ren (co-humanity), and the junzi (profound person)-xiaoren (small person) distinction Mencius tends to privilege the inner aspects of fancys, practices, and identities. For Mencius, the locus of philosophical activity and self-cultivation is the xin (hsin), a term that denotes both the honcho organ of the circulatory system and the organ of thought, and hence is translated here and in many other sources as heart-mind. Mencius views of the divine, political organization, human nature, and the path toward personal development all start and end in the heart-mind. .TheodicyAgain, as with Confucius, so too with Mencius. From late Zhou tradition, Mencius contractable a great many religious sensibilities, including theistic ones. For the early Chinese (c. 16th century BCE), the world was controlled by an all-powerful deity, The Lord on gamey (Shangdi), to whom entreaties were made in the first known Chinese texts, inscriptions found on animal bones offered in divinatory sacrifice. As the Zhou polity emerged and triumphed over the previous Shang tribal rule, Zhou apologists began to regard their deity, Tian ( cas t aside or Heaven) as synonymous with Shangdi, the deity of the deposed Shang kings, and explained the decline of Shang and the rise of Zhou as a consequence of a change in Tianming (the mandatory of Heaven). Thus, theistic justifications for conquest and rulership were present actually early in Chinese history. By the time of Mencius, the concept of Tian appears to have changed slightly, taking on aspects of essential and nature as well as deity.For Confucius, Tian provided personal support and sanction for his sense of historical mission, while at the same time prompting Job-like misgiving during moments of ill fortune in which Tian seemed to have abandoned him. Mencius faith in Tian as the ultimate source of legitimate moral and political authority is unshakeable. Like Confucius, he says that Tian does not speak it simply reveals through deeds and affairs (5A5). He ascribes the fairnesss of ren (co-humanity), yi (rightness), li (ritual propriety), zhi (wisdom), and sheng (s agehood) to Tian (7B24) and explicitly compares the rule of the moral king to the rule of Tian (5A4). The dependence of Tian upon human agents to put its will into practice helps account for the emphasis Mencius places on the satisfaction of the people as an indicator of the rulers moral right to power, and on the responsibility of chastely-minded ministers to depose an unworthy ruler.In a dialogue with King Xuan of Qi (r. 319-301 BCE), Mencius says The people are to be valued most, the altars of the grain and the grunge traditional symbols of the vitality of the state next, the ruler least. Hence winning the favor of the common people you become emperor butterfly. (7B14) When the ruler makes a serious mistake they admonish. If after repeated admonishments he still will not listen, they depose him. Do not think it strange, Your Majesty. Your Majesty asked his servant a question, and his servant dares not fail to answer it directly. (5B9) Mencius replies to King Xuan are bracingly direct, in fact, but he can be coy. When the king asks whether it is true that various sage kings (Tang and Wu) rebelled against and murdered their predecessors (Jie and Zhou), Mencius answers that it is true. The king then asks Is it allowable for a vassal to murder his lord?Mencius replied, One who robs co-humanity ren you call a robber one who robs the right yi you call a wrecker and one who robs and wrecks you call an outlaw. I have heard that Wu punished the outlaw Zhou I have not heard that he murdered his lord. (1B8) In other words, Wu was morally justified in executing Zhou, because Zhou had proven himself to be unworthy of the throne through his offenses against ren and yi the very qualities associated with the Confucian exemplar (junzi) and his actions. This is an example of Mencius engaging in the rectification of names (zhengming), an exercise that Confucius considered to be prior to all other philosophical activity (Analects 13.3). While Mencius endorses a right of r evolution, he is no democrat.His high-flown ruler is the sage-king, such as the legendary Shun, on whose reign both divine sanction and popular approval conferred legitimacy When he was put in charge of sacrifices, the hundred gods delighted in them which is Heaven accepting him. When he was put in charge of affairs, the affairs were in order and the people genial with him, which is the people accepting him. Heaven gave it the state to him human beings gave it to him. (5A5) Mencius is famous for claiming that human nature (renxing) is good. As with most reductions of philosophical positions to bumper-sticker slogans, this statement oversimplifies Mencius position. In the text, Mencius takes a more metric route in order to arrive at this view. Following A. C. Graham, one can see his argument as having three elements (1) a teleology, (2) a virtue theory, and (3) a moral psychology.ConfuciusBetter known in China as Master Kong (Chinese Kongzi), Confucius was a fifth-century BCE Chin ese thinker whose influence upon East Asian intelligent and social history is immeasurable. As a culturally symbolic figure, he has been alternately idealized, deified, dismissed, vilified, and rehabilitated over the millennia by both Asian and non-Asian thinkers and regimes. Given his extraordinary concussion on Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese thought, it is ironic that so little can be known about Confucius. The tradition that bears his name Confucianism (Chinese Rujia) ultimately traces itself to the sayings and biographical fragments recorded in the text known as the Analects (Chinese Lunyu). As with the person of Confucius himself, scholars disagree about the origins and character of the Analects, but it remains the traditional source for information about Confucius life and teaching.Most scholars remain confident that it is possible to extract from the Analects several philosophical themes and views that may be safely attributed to this ancient Chinese sage. Thes e are primarily ethical, rather than analytical-logical or metaphysical in nature, and include Confucius claim that Tian (Heaven) is aligned with moral order but dependent upon human agents to discharge its will his concern for li (ritual propriety) as the instrument through which the family, the state, and the world may be aligned with Tians moral order and his belief in the contagious nature of moral force (de), by which moral rulers diffuse morality to their subjects, moral parents raise moral children, and so forth.The Confucius of the AnalectsAbove all else, the Analects depicts Confucius as someone who transmits, but does not innovate (7.1). What Confucius claimed to transmit was the Dao (Way) of the sages of Zhou antiquity in the Analects, he is the erudite guardian of tradition who challenges his disciples to copy the sages of the past and restore the moral integrity of the state. Although readers of the Analects often assume that Confucius views are presented as a coheren t and consistent system within the text, a careful reading reveals several different sets of philosophical concerns which do not conflict so much as they complement one another. Those familiar with Enlightenment-influenced presentations of Confucius as an austere humanist who did not discuss the supernatural may be surprised to encounter the term theodicy as a framework for understanding Confucius philosophical concerns. Confucius record of silence on the subject of the divine is attested by the Analects (5.3, 7.21, 11.12). In fact, as a child of the late Zhou world, Confucius inherited a great many religious sensibilities, including theistic ones. For the early Chinese (c. 16th century BCE), the world was controlled by an all-powerful deity, The Lord on High (Shangdi), to whom entreaties were made in the first known Chinese texts, inscriptions found on animal bones offered in divinatory sacrifice.As the Zhou polity emerged and triumphed over the previous Shang tribal rule, Zhou apo logists began to regard their deity, Tian (Sky or Heaven) as synonymous with Shangdi, the deity of the deposed Shang kings, and explained the decline of Shang and the rise of Zhou as a consequence of a change in Tianming (the mandate of Heaven). Thus, theistic justifications for conquest and rulership were present very early in Chinese history.By the time of Confucius, the concept of Tian appears to have changed slightly. For one thing, the ritual complex of Zhou diviners, which served to ascertain the will of Tian for the benefit of the king, had collapsed with Zhou rule itself. At the same time, the network of religious obligations to complex divinities, local spirits, and ancestors does not seem to have ceased with the fall of the Zhou, and Confucius appears to uphold sacrifices to gods and ghosts as consistent with transmitting noble tradition.Yet, in the Analects, a new aspect of Tian emerges. For the Confucius of the Analects, sharp the will of Tian and reconciling it with h is own moral compass sometimes proves to be a troubling exercise If Heaven is about to abandon this culture, those who die subsequently will not get to share in it if Heaven has not yet abandoned this culture, what can the men of Guang Confucius adversaries in this instance do to me? (9.5) There is no one who recognizes me. I neither resent Heaven nor blame humanity. In learning about the lower I have understood the higher. The one who recognizes me wouldnt that be Heaven? (14.35) Heaven has abandoned me Heaven has abandoned me (11.9)As we all know that Mencius several times throughout Chinese history has been regarded as a potentially dangerous author, leading at times to outright banning of his book. This is because Mencius developed a very early form of what was to be called in modern times the social contract. Mencius, like Confucius, relyd that rulers were divinely placed in order to guarantee peace and order among the people they rule. Unlike Confucius, Mencius believed tha t if a ruler failed to bring peace and order about, then the people could be absolved of all loyalty to that ruler and could if they matte up strongly enough about the matter, revolt. I surmise if we go into details, it will probably take us months or maybe even old age in the beginning finishing this comparison. I personally tangle that Mencius and Confucius did not share nearly the same feelings for what was the most important unit in a society. I believe Confucius set up the belief of Emperor, Master, and Father.Basically, all subjects were obliged to the orders of the Emperor. All students were required to follow the footsteps of their Masters. In the same way that all children should obey their fathers commands. If at any given time these orders came in conflicts with one another, then everyone must choose to put the Emperors demands above everything else. Perhaps, this concept was one of the main reasons why Confucianism was promoted as the states political theory during t he reign of Han Wudi. On the other hand, Mencius had a totally different view. Mencius insisted that People came first Empires/Nations were only second, while the Emperor was the least important. Well I am sure that not too many people would be happy to hear this argument let alone agree. This concept will definitely rest rebellions against a tyrannical ruler. The Emperor was working in the best interests of the people. Without the peoples support, the emperor had certainly failed his duties as the leader. While Confuciuss theory I think that Confucius was more correct in his views than Mencius, not because of differing views (although they did differ at certain points), but because of the way these ideas were carried out throughout his career, and ultimately, his life.Confucius was a Chinese thinker and philosopher. His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, and justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China o ver other doctrines, such as Taoism during the Han Dynasty. Confucius thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy which has come to be known as Confucianism. It was introduced to Europe by Matteo Ricci, who was the first to come up with the Latin name Confucius. His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius, a collection of brief aphoristic fragments, which was compiled many years after his death. For nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics, such as the Classic of Rites and the Spring and Autumn Annals, but this was not the case as many of these fragments cannot be directly credited to Confucius because of lack of written proof. Confucius was born in 551 BC in the Lu state of China, born into a warrior family.His father, Shulianghe, was a famous warrior who fought in the chinese military, and owned a large portion of land. Confucius lost his father when he was three years old, and then his cause Yan Zhengzai took him and left his fathers land because, as a concubine, she wanted to avoid the scorn from Shulianghes real wife. Therefore, Confucius lived in poverty with his mother since childhood. With the support and encouragement of his mother, Confucius studied hard as a child. When Confucius was seventeen, his mother died as a result of illness and exhaustion. Three years later, Confucius married. Though he had a good wife who loved him, he left his family to pursue his philosophical goals. Confucius sought to revive the As we all know that Mencius several times throughout Chinese history has been regarded as a potentially dangerous author, leading at times to outright banning of his book. This is because Mencius developed a very early form of what was to be called in modern times the social contract.Mencius, like Confucius, believed that rulers were divinely placed in order to guarantee peace and order among the people they rule. Unlike Confucius, Mencius believed that if a ruler failed to bring peace and order about, then the people could be absolved of all loyalty to that ruler and could if they felt strongly enough about the matter, revolt. I surmise if we go into details, it will probably take us months or maybe even years before finishing this comparison. I personally felt that Mencius and Confucius did not share nearly the same feelings for what was the most important unit in a society. I believe Confucius set up the belief of Emperor, Master, and Father. Basically, all subjects were obliged to the orders of the Emperor. All students were required to follow the footsteps of their Masters. In the same way that all children should obey their fathers commands.If at any given time these orders came in conflicts with one another, then everyone must choose to put the Emperors demands above everything else. Perhaps, this concept was one of the main reasons why Confucianism was promoted as the states ideology during the reign of Han Wudi. On the other hand, Mencius had a totally different view. Mencius insisted that People came first Empires/Nations were only second, while the Emperor was the least important. Well I am sure that not too many people would be happy to hear this argument let alone agree. This concept will definitely tolerate rebellions against a tyrannical ruler. The Emperor was working in the best interests of the people. Without the peoples support, the emperor had certainly failed his duties as the leader.