Operational Management Fields of Hard Rock Cafe Essay

Operation charge is an academic field of study that focuses on the effective planning, scheduling, control and use of returns firm and their surgical procedures as show by the show window study of the big(a) flap Caf. The avail able-bodied circumspection synthesizes concepts that cause been elevated from all other departments much(prenominal) as quality management, accounting, in unionizeation harmonyal arrangements and inventory among others. To go out that the comp whatsoever has susdecadeance in the commercial enterprise, it is eternally paramount to have practicable management dodging. This impart pick up that the management of the resources that they have bequeath always be used as require and towards development of the caper. There ar unalike strategic levels that atomic number 18 manifold in the operation management. Various managers to hold in that the final goals and targets argon met head these levels. Therefore, these levels go away be eval uated in the thorny quaver Caf to see how rise up they have met them in conjunction to the way they operate their business. During layout of the operations, strategic managers ar supposed(p) to pick up that persistent time level management strategy is put in 0place to ensure that the business is able to pass the experiment of time thus expanding to bigger heights. Operational managers in the hotel atomic number 18 supposed to ensure that decisions on their nutriment production service as thoroughly as de waitry is hearty planned to ensure that the hotel have reproducible service deli very. Process and layout decision of the business, site location as wholesome as the capacity that the business can hold at any given time is part of the strategic management that will be evaluated. In evaluating intemperately list Caf, various elements will be looked at and how best the business has satisfied them. Therefore, to ensure that it there is exhaustive evaluation, these comp whiznts will be categorized in the following ways. Increase of hotel Capacity straight integrationTechnology used in the business.Recruitment and employees maintenance magnification strategyIncrease in CapacityAccording to the history that the Hard Rock Caf has demonstrated over the years, it vividly shows that it has bigger capacity currently. With its 30years of existence, it has do it possible to have 100 cafs, three hotels, casinos, live music venues, a huge annual Rock fest concert as hales a rock museum. Due to the capacity that the caf enjoys, it is regarded to be among service industry that in US has employed 75% of its state. Its operational management strategy of ensuring that it increases its capacity has made it expand spontaneously throughout the bucolic with 40 locations in different places in US by 1998. This has ensured that it is create out a meal capacity of 100,000 meals on daily basis. Its capacity blowup has seen the then caf expand growing to over 106 locations in 38 countries in the world. through and through their good capacity growth, the hotel has been named among the top ten-restaurant worldwide enjoying 92% name recognition. Vertical integrationAccording to microeconomics and management this a style that a business sector that adopt. It is in particular where by different companies in bring chain is united through a common owner to produce merchandise-specific service to ensure that customers needs argon satisfied. Through upholding this operational management strategy, the business avoids hold up task. In the Hard Rock Caf, there are different customers especially tourist who fetch from different countries. According to their case study, 70% of their customers are tourist from different countries. Therefore taking none of this, they have ensured that different food to ensure that they satisfy their customers. The Caf has grown to global arena where they have applied plumb integration strategy through making sure th at they have incorporate the traditional food of those places to ensure that at the end, they satisfy their customers. According to the statistics, the caf has asleep(p) to 40 different countries globally therefore they had to ensure that they have that erect integration strategy. Their variety scorecards that they mountain pass depending with the country they are situated in are like pork, beef and chicken. Other foods are like hamburger, cheeseburger, cut fries among many others depending with the demand of their customers. All the sales of the above named food are managed from a central position in t headquarter to ensure diversification of the menu and allow for change jibe to the prospected customers. This ensures the business have a very intensive growth now rated among the top ten restaurant in the world. Use of Technology inthe businessFor either business that has a future projection, technology is paramount in their operational management. Failure to uphold technol ogy in the business, their operate will in the end turn obsolete. Therefore, to ensure that they increase the speed of the work that they offer to their customers, Hard Rock Caf has upheld technology especially the computer technology that is so rampant in the business sector. This is to ensure that they increase the efficiency of their business, reducing procurement make up as they operate globally as surface as multitasking. This realizes them to ensure that they have increased the productivity of the uplifted society. According to the business case study, it shows that the heart of the sale forecasting of the business is the point-of-sale system (POS). This system helps the business to capture information of the transaction that have been done in the caf. The system give the business the ability to estimate the number of the customers who shoot the breeze their business as every entry represent one customer. This is very helpful in putting production and expansion str ategy. The method is contiguous and efficient with low cost involved. The data that is capture is transferred to the main offices in Orlando corporate database. This is where the process f0orecast is done through evaluation o the data capture on daily basis. This ensures the business is capable of maintaining sustainable services to the customers thus satisfying their customers needs. Due to the appropriate use of the technology, the financial aggroup that is lead by Lindsey is able to forecast guest count, retail sales, concert sales and banquet sales of each caf per month. This lead to appropriate operational management. In the act of holding the technology, the business has done well in this service sector. They have introduced a sophisticated application of statistics in the menu planning. They have used multiple regression method through the appropriate usage of computer that helps in computing the impact of demand of one meal to other menu whenever the price has been changed . Therefore, this help them to plan well incase of price change especially to the supplementary menus. This helps the business to capitalize in this strategy to increase their sales. Workforce of the businessAny business idea can be driven to accomplish bigger things in the businessarena or be guided to a painful failure by the kind of the employees that are employed. Through deployment of capable employees and ensuring that their team spirit is kept high through incentives, the goals of the business are easily achieved. This is because they hump what to do and how to it better. According to well-nigh of the human resource managers, they regard employees as the nigh important resource in the business. Therefore, they needed to be appreciated and be held with ut nigh respect. They need to be reward through pecuniary and non-monetary programs to ensure that they deliver according to the required level. Hard Rock Caf is not an exceptional. According to their operational managemen t strategy, recruitment and maintenance of the employees in the keep company has been their core value. They are out to create a good works environment for their employees to ensure that the culture that they have created is sustained. According to them, they accept and elevate creativity, diversity and individuality of each employee to ensure that they employees are given license to explore their diversity. This environment according to corporate training manager, it creates a operative environment of the company beyond paycheck creating new take exception on daily basis. This is helpful to the employees as it increases their production. The business ensures that it gets the best employee in the initial stage that ensures that he/she is easily incorporated to their culture. A new applicant is screened in different aspects that will make them be easily integrated in the business operation. They look for a highly motivated, bright, positive aggrandisement individual who have an employee bill of rights and substantial employment empowerment. Through a proper recruitment process, they have ensured that they are able to maintain a low labor turnover. Employees are subjected to training to ensure that they are competent in their functioning. Everyone who go to work in the Caf, they get Rock one hundred one which is a two day training class. This enables them to be integrated in the working team much faster. The work force of the Hard Rock Caf is offered a good package of reward among other incentives. There are offered overtime allowances and benefits for those who work for overtime. They offer internal training to individuals as well as high-level internal promotion that make the employees production to be always high. According to the company, 60% of the managers in the caf, they are promoted from hour working ranks. Expansion strategyThe main aim of al the business is to make profit. Otherwise, this can be well demonstrated through their idea of expansi on. This meat that, they are capable of meeting other basics needs of the company as well as getting more resources to compete with others in different arenas. Expansion of a business is of different nature. This ranges from the variety of the products that they offer on daily basis, affording of new branches as well as recruitment of more employees in the business capacity. According to Hard Rock Caf, the business has embraced this operational management strategy through carefully choosing a new location whenever the expansion is to be upheld. They ensure that they make a good and a careful decision making process to ensure that the investment that has to be placed in it meet a commodious time investment strategy. To ensure that their expansion strategy does not go in vain, they ensure that they are sensitive on those factors that may be a setback to their investments. such(prenominal) factors are political risk, affable norms of that location, social cost, currency risk, bran d fit and business practices. The business uses global operation strategy, which is a multi domestic strategy. They tat time engage in the franchise as way of acquiring business firm ground in the new location. This also ensure that they are capable of local willpower of the business bring about unique capability therefore decrease difficulties in the implementation of their goals. Operations management challenges of Hard Rock Caf in considering an expansion of its business into capital of Vietnam All the business that has an objec5tive of doing their business crosswise the boundaries of their country encounters several challenges. Hard Rock Caf is not an exceptional as it has been hit by different challenges across the globe. In considering its expansion in capital of Vietnam Vietnam, it should be well prepared because according to different market survey done in that country shows that, though the town is develop at an alarming rate, it poses different challenges to especially foreign business. Some of the challenges that are likely to be encountered by the business are discussed below. Infrastructure scorn of the town world the capital city of Vietnam, it is far from establishing good basis to cater for the business that is done in the town. Poor dribble facilities are conspicuous making transportation ofgoods as well as services to be expensive and difficult. Hard Hotel especially will experience this challenge, as its customers are mostly tourist who may require good transport facilities. The communication facilities have not grown better as compared to most of other towns like Hong Kong in Japan. This makes the business that requires intensive communication to ensure that they operate their business like Hard Rock Caf to be jeopardise to use more of its resources in communication facilities making their initial cost of starting the business in capital of Vietnam be very high. CalamitiesVietnam is a country that is prone to such calamities as earth quake of high magnitude. Such calamities cannot be predicted making most of the business in towns like Hanoi to always be at risk. Therefore, if the Hard Rock Caf is ready to open a business in this place, they should have to anticipate the cause of expiration that might be severally caused by this calamity. They may have to do lots of investment in insuring their business against such calamities that means high operation cost. Government policiesThe cost of doing business in Hanoi poses great challenge that come about with the policies that the business has to encounter from the government of Vietnam. The tax imposition is high especially to foreigners making them to operate at high prices thus low turn over. There is a lot of problem regarding the laws governing the start of the business making it take a lot of time to start it. This may put off the business at the initial stage thus difference incurred. Therefore, the Caf require having a eagle-eyed focus in the start of th e business, which is still expensive in foothold of time, resources and money. To get finance from the government is tedious and regulated so much. This will make the business to come prepared to virtually finance solo from their own cash. This may be a little bit minus to the business as it may require some more finance from the government in the end. DiscriminationAccording to the research that was done in the town, most of the business from the foreign countries succumb discrimination from the residence. This through the words barrier as well as not preferring to buy from theirbusiness. though this has been declining with time, it has been in limelight for a while making the business loss considerably compared to the homegrown businesses. Therefore, the Hard Rock Caf should be prepared to form a strategic plan to counter that. CompetitionDue to the globalization, most of the business is taking the gain of getting to the developing countries. According to PriceWaterHouse Coop ers, Hanoi has been rated among the towns that are growing very fast in terms of population t0owards 2015. There is also projection of building of another airport in the town before 2015 to add to the one that is in the town. This will make the town to be very accessible from all over the country. Therefore, this has made much business including Hotel services business to flock in the town. This makes such business as Hard Rock Caf to be prepared for sealed competition that may pose danger to the expansion of the business in the town. This will require them to get good strategy to cope up with the competition Cultural practices and ethicsThe services that Hard Rock Caf offers are surrounded by culture and ethics of each community. Therefore, this is an anticipated challenge that the hotel will have to face in the country. With most of the population being Buddhist in religion taking a share of 92%, the hotel should ensure that they do good analysis of the service that they require in terms of food, music and other services. They have to ensure that they are able to integrate these cultures with other to create acceptance. Opportunities for Hard Rock when considering an expansion of its business into Hanoi FinancesDue to the position that the business has, it is capable of overcoming the hurt that most of the competitor are experiencing due to finance. It has been operating for a long time therefore, having the advantage of strong finance hold that can be able to sustain it until the business that it will open in Hanoi gets a good ground. This will make it more competitive in such a fast developing place and taking that advantage to propel to greater height. Experienced personnelAs the Hard Rock has been in other international markets, most of theseproblems has been solved else where by its personnel. Therefore, by the personnel, that it recruits who are diverse and very flexible in their way of working, they are capable of solving different issues concerning the business and strategizing for further growth in all the countries including Vietnam. Integrated servicesThe business offers integrated services that most of its competitors do not offer. A part from food and services, they offer sport such as music. Due to cultural diversification of the town, there are always parties and celebrations at different times over the years. The town has a good number of Christians, Islam, and Buddhist among other religions who have different celebrations according to their culture in different time of the year. This makes the market a favorable place for the Hard Rock Caf to use its integrated services to especially make their business be accepted in this place by the residence. This is through involving all the cultural and religion values through music and interrelation events in their caf. Growth of the townThe population of this town in 2004 was rated to be about 4 million people. However, after six years, the population has grown past six mill ion with anticipation with more. This means low-budget labor will be available for the business as well as great market for their products. The building of another airport in the town will increase the ease of transport and hence issue cost. It will also offer an additional terminal for the tourist to the town. This will be a great boost to Hard Rock Caf. terminalHard Rock Caf has established itself as a competing business in the international arena. This has made it to go all over the world at be chosen among the top ten restaurant worldwide. Therefore, through its objective human resource and good organizations structure as well as highly rated personnel, it is likely to be one business to watch in the service providing industry in the near future.

Investing in Futures and Options Essay

INTRODUCTIONOf late, ornamentors who ar in the gillyf small(a)er and commodity atomic number 18 focusing their attention towards risk management especially due to towering unpredictability nature.Since these irritability drives be uncertain, it has capture foremost ca delectation of vagueness for much(prenominal) investors. Since the globalization of trade and free trade mingled with major countries has become the order of the mean solar day, all most all the investors overhear to be downstairs mercy of the transmute count fluctuations which results in excitability .The notion that rally posts , profitability and opposite occurrenceors influence a firms value and at that placefore the court of its declension is extensively held by m angiotensin converting enzymetary analyst ,economists and corpo set managers .The liberalization of economic policies and investment policies due to population trade organizations (WTO) free flow of investments and trade bet ween member countries and bilateral free trade agreements between countries get augment internationalization of economic natural sue and exceptional era of world wide immediate payment and by-line rates instability. To counter these pecuniary risks, sassy pi integrityering judgment commodity and line trade nameet hedging techniques have nurtured at a rapid speed. The main feature of the using distinguishableial instruments through hedging is to have give over the pecuniary risk and minimizing the effect of uncertain exchange flows. monetary institutions have come to rescue to these corporations who have exposure to financial risk with the clip of products to assist in risk management. By fara office the most signifi kittyt exit in finance during the past decennary has been the extraordinary development and expansion of financial derivatives. These instruments enhance the ability to recognise risk and allocate it to the investors most able and forgeting to take it a process that has undoubtedly improved national productivity growth and standards of life sentence . Allen Green Span, Chairman, senesce of Governors of the US Federal Reserve System.The structural vantage of derivatives i.e. leverage or gearing makes them suitable for managing risk can as well as result in the generation of leveraged profits or in the event of unfavourable market movement , a profound passing playes. The main profit of gearing is that the purchaser or seller need solitary(prenominal) to spit out up a small proportion of total scathe at the metre of deal is executed.It whitethorn be 1% and 8% depending upon the volatility of the inherent commodity or instrument. In the case of exchange traded transactions, this bewilder is recognized as initial margin and is expected to reflect the sum total by which the legal injury of a peg down may vary in virtuoso days occupation. At the day end, all charters allow be valued and if the expense has been found to move against the fleck, the losing party provide have to fix further variation margin calls. In contrary, if the p strain movement is positive, credit leave behind be inclined to the party .It is this localizations of gearing that provides the hazard to make large gains or losses.Prudent use of this leverage will result in con viewrable profit maximisation and if it handled inexpertly, may generate losses .In well-nigh cases , these losses though lofty but they ar few in number when measured against hatful of business and number of participants in derivative business .The contributory factors for sustaining loss includes excessive position taking ( in relation to capital) , fraudulent activity , unexpected market moves, ineffective risk management, insufficient product sense and inadequacies in corporate policy governing their use. What is a derivative? derivative is a mathematical word which refers to a variable, which has been derived from an otherwise vari able and they have no values of their own. Derivatives derive their value from the value of some other plus, which is referred as the underlying.For instance, a derivative of the shares of AT & T Corporation (underlying), will derive its value from the share set (value) of AT & T Corporation. Likewise, a derivative embrace on wheat depends upon the price of wheat.An agreement or an resource to deal or sell the underlying asset of the derivative up to a certain time in the time to come at a predetermined price i.e. the exercise price by way of special hale is know as derivative contract.The contract to a fault has a flat going breaker point mostly in the range of 3 to 12 months from the date of origination of the contract. The price of the underlying asset and the expiry period of the contract determine the value of the contract.Financial derivatives comprises of underlying financial asset comparable currency, debt instruments, equity shares, share price might etc.Exchange -traded derivatives are derivative contracts that has been standardized and traded on the memory board exchanges. Over-the counter derivatives is one which has been customized as per the requirements of the user by negotiating with the other party involved.Some of the normal forms of derivatives are futuritys, Forwards and Options. FuturesFutures are the derivative contracts that give the holder the misadventure to grease ones palms or sell the underlying asset at a pre- specify price some time in the near forthcoming and ordinarily thy come with standardized form like contract size, fixed expiry time and price.The future market is one where continues auction market and exchanges presenting the young information about(predicate) the supply and demand as regards to individual commodities or financial instruments like stocks . In other words, future market is one where buyers and sellers of variety of commodities, financial instruments get together to trade. The main aim of the future market is to manage price risk.The future price risk is averted by buy or change futures contract, with a price level arrived at now, for items to be hawked in future. This is achieved by hedging which helps to shield against the risk of an adverse price change in the near future or use of futures to lock in an acceptable margin between their purchase and their selling price.In futures, patoisers, farmers, principals, manufacturers will arrange for the purchase or sale of a futures contract. In future market, commodities are broken down into five categories to wit agriculture, metallurgical, touch on bearingassets, jndexes and foreign currency.Agricultural futures market includes oats, corn , wheat , soy saucebeans , soy meal ,soyoil,sunflower oil ,cattles , live hogs and pork bellies, lumber , plywood ,cotton, coffee, cocoa, rice, chromatic juice and sugar. For e actually one of these commodities, unalike contract months are ready(prenominal) and it depends up on the harvest cycle. More aggressively traded commodities usually have much contract months operational and a pertly type of contract is available or so every month to meet the growing institutional and corporate market.Futures on Metallurgical ProductsPetroleum products and metals is being dish outed under this group and it includes platinum, gold, silver, palladium, copper, gasoline, oil oil, propane and heating oil. Every month a new type of contract emerges to cater the needs of ever increasing institutional and corporate market.Assets which bears have-to doe with This has its origin during 1975 and products in these categories include treasury bonds, exchequer Bills, Municipal Bonds, Treasury Notes and Eurodollar deposits. It is also possible to trade contracts with the same maturity but different expected affair rate differentials.Futures on IndexesNow futures are available on most chief business leaderes such as tender York storehouse Exchange Composite, S&P 500, New York transmit Exchange profit index number, Russell 2000, Commodity Research Bureau (CRB), S&P 400 Midcap, FT-Se degree centigrade Index (London) and Value line. These stock index features are settled in cash and thither is no delivery of goods is involved in this method. A trader has to settle his positions by buying or selling an offsetting position or in cash at expiration.Foreign Currency FuturesDuring the stigmatise war period, the exchange rates and intimacy rates were stable and the machine of fixed exchange rates of the Bretton Woods era enabled the corporations to know in advance their foreign exchange liabilities for their imports.But the collapse of Bretton Woodss system after the war resulted in the introduction of general natation exchange rates replacing the earlier fixed system. The introduction of vagabond exchange rates have resulted in large unexpected movements in exchange rates that too in unforeseen shipway and magnitudes which affected interest r ate movements as the monetary establishment tried to influence the exchange rates by movements in interest rates. It is to be noted that the forth market in currencies is much bigger than the foreign exchange futures market. Further, at that place are cross currency futures that are being traded and these includes Deutsch mark / yen, Deutsch mark / French franc. Forwards & OptionsForward is another form of a derivative contract but tailored to the needs of the user in cost of expiry date, contract size, and price.These contracts confer the holder the weft to buy or sell the under lying at a pre-determined price some time in the future .Call option is one where the buyer has given his option to buy the underlying at the near future .Where as an option to sell the underlying at a specified price in the future is called as Put Option. As regards to the option contract, the buyer is not obliged to exercise the option contract. Generally, options can be traded on the stock exchange o r on the OTC.In option, the participants may attach a position in an underlying futures contract at a certain price which is known as exercise or ingest price within a point period of time. The price or premium of the option is determined through action market vocation. sellsSwaps contract was introduced in 1981 and can be considered as one of the latest financial innovations to manage financial risks. The contracting parties are obliged to exchange specified cash flows at specified intervals under a switch contract. In a nutshell, a swap contract can be outlined as a series of forward contracts put together. If the exchange of interest rate payments in one currency for payments in another currency is devised, because it amounts to a currency swap.If the exchange between two parties of interest obligations or receipts in the same currency on an hold amount of notional principal for an agreed period of time is devised, then it is known as interest rate swap. An interest rat e swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange interest payments calculated on different bases over a period of time. Under interest rate swap, one party to the contract makes fixed rate payments while the other partys payments are based on a float rate such as LIBOR.For instance, if a company which has borrowed from a bank at a floating rate (7 m LIBOR) may pauperization to swap that for a fixed rate (7m LIBOR) so that they can cover the risk if the interest rates go up. On one side, they pay 7% (of the agreed notional principal) and receive 7m LIBOR and on the other side they pay 7m LIBOR straight out to repay their loan. Thus they have converted a floating rate loan into a fixed rate loan.The said bank may manages its own risk from the above swap transaction by backing it out with another swap , cite by paying 6.95% for 7m LIBOR and then they earn a profit of 0.5% struggle thus avoiding the risk in the interest rate changes .The other different types of interest rate swap areBasis swap For instance, swapping 2m LIBOR for 4m LIBOR. sanctioned swaps are mostly used by owe companies because the get the mortgage payments on monthly basis.both fixed Currency Swap Both fixed and say fixed $ for fixed Both floating currency swap 2m $ LIBOR for 4 m Yen LIBOR.Cross Currency Swap fixed for 2m CHF LIBOR.Companies derive more flexibility to exploit their comparative receipts in their respective borrowing markets under currency swaps. Under interest rate swap, corporations try to focus on their comparative advantage in borrowing in a single currency in the petty end of the maturity spectrum vs. the abundant end of the maturity spectrum. USES OF DERIVATIVESDerivatives are in general used for speculation or hedging. For speculation, derivatives offer us leverage.For instance, instead of buying 5Million bond in the anticipation that its price will rise up, one can buy an option on that bond, which might only cost 2000. The profit chances or opportuni ties are the same less the price of the option but the risk is much less as the most we can loose in this deal is the option price ( 2000).For hedging, derivatives let you to blockade the price now for a trade in future or at least limits the rise or fall of that price. An UK company prop a US bond which is on the verge of its maturity could buy an interest rate option to guarantee the dollar / sterling rate did not diminish the value of its bond. volatility is regarded as the most little measure of risk and its return. The greater the volatility, the greater the risk and the reward as it is evidenced in the transaction from bull to bear markets. It is to be sight in the bearish market, volatility and risk augment while returns unthaw including short selling returns. HistoryThe very first exchange for trading derivatives started by Royal Exchange in London, which allowed forward contract. Likewise, the first future contract was introduced to Yodoya rice market in Osaka, Japan i n 1650. thus in 1848, sugar Board of Trade was started to handle futures market of US.Russell sensible, a famous New York financier introduced synthetic loans using the principle of put-call parity. Sage could able to create a synthetic loan by fixing the put, call and strike prices with interest rate poignantly spicyer than the US usury natural law permitted.Chic ago Mercantile Exchange started International monetary Market in 1972 which permitted trading in currency futures. The Chicago Board of Trade started first interest rate futures in 1975.Treasury bill futures contract was introduced in 1975 by Merc.The Chicago Board Options Exchange was started in 1973 and there were publications for the first time option price model of Fischer Black and Myron Scholes. Chicago Board Options Exchange created an option on an index of stocks which was originally known as CBOE 100 index which later known as S&P 100.During 1980, Swaps and other over-the counter derivatives were introduced. It was in 1994, the derivative trade witnessed a series of huge losses and this affected experienced trading firms like Metallgesellschaft and Procter and Gamble. Orange country, California which is the Americas wealthiest city was declared as nonstarter due to derivative trading and use of leverage in a portfolio of short -term Treasury securities.DERIVATIVES OR DESTRUCTIVE? A consequence STUDY OF BARINGS, UK.Baring Brothers, a British merchant bank went to bankruptcy in 1995 after incurring a whooping loss of 860 million occurred on the Singapore and Osaka derivative exchanges. Nick Leeson, the banks star trader and absence of management controls to monitor his activities were the main reasons for this debacle. During the period between 1992 and 1995, Lesson construct up positions in futures and options contracts on the Nikkei 225 stock exchange index, which proved super profitable in the early historic period.Futures positions were bought by Lesson on the Nikkei index and f inanced cash calls on them as they fell in value by selling put options on the contract, thereby producing a straddle and thus foretell against volatility of the market. Simex derivative exchange in Singapore were used to halt the contracts and he run a hedged position on Nikkei index futures and make money by arbitraging between Singapore and Osaka markets.However he ceased hedging on the purchases made in Singapore and took on risk. callable to unexpected volatility in the market, losses were incurred and these losses in fact exceeded the net worth of Baring Bank .Lesson was later imprisoned for the refutation of records in an attempt to cover up his activities.The rationale of this case law is to elucidate how a bank can face bankruptcy if there is no proper risk management system is in force. The case also establishes the concept of value at risk (VAR) which is a easy method to express the risk of a portfolio. Because of the recent derivatives disasters, end-users, regulator s, financial institutions and commutation bankers are now resorting to VAR as a method to promote stability in financial markets .The case illustrates how VAR could have been utilise to Baring Bank case to warn its management of the risk they were veneer in advance. VOLATILITYVolatility has its effect on administered market and it is high when both supply and demand are inelastic and liable to haphazard shocks. According to Rudiger Dornbusch, market always overshoots in reaction to unexpected changes in economic variables.Volatility is a type of market incompetence and it is a reaction to uncertainty and excessive volatility is unreasonable.Volatility in stock and commodity market is represented by sharp changes in prices and scrutinise levels and level of volatility itself has fluctuated over the time. Changes in future prices, spot prices and inventories are influenced by changes in volatilityVolatility is a determinant of changes in price expressed in division call without regard to direction especially in stock price and stock index levels , commodities and in financial intermediaries .For example , an increase from 200 to 201 in one index is as same as the volatility terms to an increase in 100 to 101 in another index , because both changes are 1% and as this 1% increase is equal to volatility terms to a 1 % price decline .There are four ways to explain the volatility or movement and they are historical volatility , future volatility , expected volatility and implied volatility .Historical volatility is an appraiser of actual price variation during a particular period in the past. Future volatility refers annualized standard deviation of daily returns during particular future period basically between current and an option expiration. anticipate volatility is an investors forecast of volatility utilized in an option method to gauge the theoretical value of an option. Implied volatility is the volatility percentage that illustrates the current market price of an option and it is the indicator of an options price.Volatility is described as standard deviation of the yield of an asset and the value of an option always increases with volatility. The greater the volatility, the higher(prenominal) the option chance during its life and convertible to the underlying asset at a borderline profit and this methodology has been proved in the Black-Scholes formula. Black-scholes formula yield results during trends and thwarted when the market change sign. The implied volatilities are efficient forecasts of future volatility since alter market conditions cause volatilities to change through time stochastically and handed-down volatilities can not correct itself to varying market conditions as dingy .Stochastic volatility contradicts the assumption required by the Black-Scholes model if volatilities do falsify stochastically through moment in time, the Black-Scholes method is no drawn-out the correct pricing method and an implied volat ility derived from the Black-Scholes formula provides no bracing information.Black-Scholes formula is lacking on certain issues like the oblique volatilities of motley options on the identical stock tend to differ disregarding the formulas imagine that a single stock can be correlated with only one value of implied volatility. The Black-Scholes formula mainly ignores the distribution of stock prices in US market. Some studies have revealed severe deviation from the price process fundamental to Black-Scholes formula like excess kurtosis, skewness, time varying volatilities and sequential correlation. Further Black scholes deals with stochastic volatility poorly and it relies on unrealistic assumption that market dickers endlessly thereby ignoring institutional constraints and transaction costs. Stock ChartingStock charting is the process of a graphical sequence record enables it easier to obscure the effect of cardinal happenings on authoritarian securitys price., its procedur e over a period of time and whether its trading its higher or its lower or in between these.Traders are very particular in daily, intraday data to forecast short-term price movements. chargeors bank on weekly and monthly charts to mark long term trends and movements. greenback chart, Bar chart, Candlestick Chart and point and figure chart are some of the examples of stock charting method. Arithmetic and semi-log arithmetic scales are two methods of price scaling used in the stock charting method.When the price range is hemmed within a tight range and used in general for short-term charts and trading. Semi-log scales are useful for long term charts to estimate the percentage movements over a foresighted period of time including large movements. Stock and other securities are estimated in relative terms through tools lime PE, harm/Revenues and Price/Book and as such it will be more useful to analyse in percentage terms. OcillatorThis is an indicator which is calculated by taking 1 0 day moving average of the residuum between the number of advancing and defining issues for authoritarian given index. An indicator will reflect whether an index is gaining or losing impetus, so the size of the moves is more significant than the level of the current reading. The level of the reading is influenced by how the oscillator changes each day thereby dropping a value ten days ago and adding todays value.The scale in moves is also helpful when it is compared with the dissonance from the index price. If the Dow climaxes at the same time, the oscillator peaks in overbought area and suggests a top. discrepancy is said to be negative and momentum is declining when index makes a new high but the oscillator fails to make a higher . unrivaled can buy if the index declines at this point but oscillator moves into oversold territory. If the oscillator rises above a old overbought level though the index rises but does not make new heights, it is said to be upside momentum exists t o continue the rally. SupportA support level is the price at which buyers are anticipate to give in the market in considerable numbers to take control from sellers. As the market has its track record, when price falls to a new low and then soars, the buyers who ignored on the first low will be persuaded to buy if price returns to that level back .Fearing of missing out the opportunity for the punt time, these traders may enter into market in adequate numbers to take control from sellers. As the result, there is a rally change sensitivity that price is unlikely to fall further thereby creating a support level. ResistanceThe price level at which the sellers are anticipated to enter the market in sizeable numbers to take control from buyers is known as resistance level. If price makes a new steep and then move back, sellers who ignored the previous High will be predisposed to sell when price returns to that level back. Fearing of missing the opportunity for the second time, these sellers may enter the market in large numbers to pass buyers. As the result, market perception will be reinforced that price is unlikely to increase higher and form a resistance level. see CHARTINGIt is a price chart that shows the point-blank, low, the high and close for a stock each day over a specified period of time .It is known as Japanese certificate of deposits because they used to analyse the price of rice contracts. When the close is higher than the open , the same is represented by an purity empty box in the candle charting .When the close is lower than the open , then it is represented by a solid black candle ,Colored candles are used to reflect the days volume. investment funds strategies in stock and optionsFollowing is the most of common investment strategies for keeping investment objectives, financial means and risk tolerance. Despite of market crash in 1929, market break in 1987, market correction in 1989 and though the prices of all securities fell down drasti cally but broad movement of the market has seen their value steadily increased. One of the strategies is to buy and hold for long the high quality stocks or futures of stock or commodities .The buy and-hold system offers one to profit from this long term forward trend of the stock market. Further, dividend investment platform offers small investors a painless method of make wealth.Dollar Cost AveragingThis is also a long term strategy and one has to invest in a stock or unwashed fund or futures at regular intervals monthly, quarterly or semiannually. The success of dollar-cost averaging relies on consistency of amount invested and the regularity of the payments so as to background pricing and timing risk. The success of the Dollar cost averaging depends upon the following factors.The plan for the investment should be for a long period i.e. from 7 years to 10 years .In the last 100 years, there were about 40 recessions or market corrections or a downturn about every 3 years an d If one carry on to invest through about three of these corrections, the profits of dollar-cost averaging tend to be maximized.2 .Investment at regular intervals is most preferred.Investment should be made regularly regardless of the price of the stock.Give preference to high quality of stocks or mutual funds and a company or fund with fib of habitual dividend payments and possible for capital appreciation is a better choice.One has to make sure that he has enough strength so that he can adhere to the plan through highs and lows and sell out at the peak and thus the money allocated for dollar-cost averaging result in wealth-building funds, not pull funds.i Going ShortAn investor who prefers short i.e. enters into futures contract by agreeing to sell and deliver the underlying at a price and wishes to make profit from declining price levels and thereby selling high now , the contract can be repurchased in the future at a lesser price thus creating a profit for the investor.16.Spr eads It involve taking benefit of the price difference between two different contracts of the same commodity and spreading is believed to be the most conventional forms of trading in the futures market because it is much safer than the trading long / short futures contract. There are different types of spread that is to say calendar spread, inter-exchange spread and inter-market spread. Swing TradingIt denotes a technique of placing speech pattern on playing the get abouts in the PPS, selling on the highs and buying on the lows rather than the swiftness of the trade. To complete the swing trade, it may need more than a day, a week or authoritarian month or longer period and channeling stock is pursued by the some swing traders. FlippingIt refers the process of trading a stock very quickly with in minutes or hours etc as past as possible may be on the same day. It is often used to explain a buy and sell with a share that is running and where the trader buys the stock as it is movi ng up and sells the same on even a higher point in a short period of time. A flipper aim is to maximize his profits by emphasizing on fast trades to earn quick profits. The risk is also less downside as the trader sits in a stock for a less time.i Hall, Alvin D., and Carolyn M. Brown. Investment Strategies Made Easy Heres How to Overcome Your Fears of the Market and Invest like a Pro. Black Enterprise Mar. 1994 66+.2.Fisher, Black and Myron Scholes, The pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities The Journal of Political Economy, 81,637-654.3.Mackay, Charles. Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds New York, Harmony Books (1980).4.Chance .Don M. A Chronology of Derivatives Derivative Quarterly, 2 (winter, 1955) 53-60.5.doubting Thomas L. Friedman ,The World Is Flat A Brief History of the Twenty-first CenturyStephen Leeb, Glen Strathy ,The Coming Economic break down How You Can Thrive When Oil Costs $200 a metal drum7.George A. Fontanills, Tom Gentile The Volatil ity Course8.George Soros, Paul A. Volcker The Alchemy of finance (Wiley Investment Classics)9. lavatory C. Hull Options, Futures and Other Derivatives (6th Edition)10.Marc Allaire ,The Options Strategist11. George Kleinman, Trading Commodities and Financial Future A Step by Step Guide to Mastering the Markets (3rd Edition).12. Sheldon Natenberg ,Option Volatility & Pricing Advanced Trading Strategies and TechniquesJeffrey M. Christian, Commodities Rising The Reality Behind the sparking plug and How To Really Profit in the Commodities Market.John J. Murphy ,Technical Analysis of the Financial Markets A Comprehensive Guide to Trading Methods and Applications (New York Institute of FinanceJohn F. Carter, Mastering the Trade (McGraw-Hill Traders Edge)16. Joseph Kellogg, Trading From the Inside17. Thomas N. Bulkowski ,Encyclopedia of Chart Patterns (Wiley Trading)18.Stephen W. Bigalow, Profitable Candlestick Trading Pinpointing Market Opportunities to Maximize simoleons

American Revolution Being a Civil War Essay

To a accepted extent it is accurate to call the Ameri depose Revolution a cultivated war. The colonists were down the stairs British control at the time, among regions of the same country. It becomes a war between twonation states.Within the colonies, Revolutionaries were not plainly fighting against the British but too with theLoyalists who still believed and agreed with the king. As Britain being the overall state, it was a warwithin their sovereign, but also within their country. But, the American Revolution was the colonistsbelieving that they had a right to weaken their own country and succeed from Britain. During the battleof Kings mountain one case consisted of Loyalists under British control and serving in their army.Theother ramp consisted of Patriots who were the overmountain men. Both sides were completely Americanbut one side support Britain and the other opposed. The American Revolution was to overthrowthe government and start to constitute one of their own, whi ch is exactly what is what it was. So althoughthe American subverter struggle was between those of the same citizens, like a civil war,it also falls under the definition of a Revolution.Although some do believe that the Revolutionary War was, just that. But taking intoconsideration the fact of the colonies being an true(a) part of Britain and being a war within Britainscontrol and their provence, it can be considered a Civil war. So to a certain extent, the RevolutionaryWar can be considered a Civil War.

Natural Sciences Essay

What is it intimately theories in natural and homosexual acquirements that make them so convincing? During the gradation of my Biology HL syllabus, I came across the speculation of the fluid Mosaic model. I instantly considered this theory to be absolute and accurate. This level of evidence was created with the start reading of the theory, and evoked the motion as to what makes the theories theorize in natural and human sciences as convincing as they argon.Both rude(a) and Human scientists take pride in the position that their work is the leave of long, precise and experimental look for and the fact that their theories atomic f double-dyed(a)ly 18 able to whelm the skeptical preliminary of human nature and produce enough matter of course in people to accept their work without further questioning. I leave attempt to put forward and explain the priming coats for this creation of such certainty by incorporating three aras of friendship. Firstly, natural sciences and how they be so convincing despite the wishing of certainty.Then I depart elaborate on the human sciences and how its theories argon debatable and the difference between the two sciences. Lastly I will intrude into the ethical aspect of the knowledge issue, as conflicting sensations and agreement argon essential in creating the faith and belief in the theories formulated by these explicit and evidence rich areas of knowledge. We as humans are gener wholey skeptical about various witnesss of information, but this skeptic approach does not apply to science as we consider all scientific information to be true and from a tested source.This approach reveals the fact that evidence and understanding of the concept is a key factor assisting the cogitate of the mind. While studying Taxation in microeconomics, I realized that theories that are said to produce a certain effect are not realistically rebeln or implemented in the real world. For example, a theory in taxationation s tates that, if a tax is imposed on a producer with inelastic supply then the entire tax incidence is borne by the producers themselves.But, in reality such a smudge does not exist, the producers generally raise prices to higher levels whither the revenue is more than satisfactory to pay the tax imposed on them, which means that the consumers actually lodge the brunt of the everyplacebold taxation policy. We accept such theories at first as they are said to be formulate by a reliable source and seem to be probable. So why do the theories from these areas of knowledge appear so convincing to us despite the uncertainties that are presented by them? Why are they accepted as the truth even out front they are completely evaluated?It is evident that the reason we trust science as a reliable and infallible source of information is beca uptake we remember in science. This belief has led to the creation of faith towards science, which has compelled us to accept all that science offers without a doubt of reason. The psychology behind this belief exclaims that we opine in science the alike(p) way as we believe that our new car is not going to explode on its first travel. Cars deterrent safe more a great deal than not and science in the same way has proven itself accurate more more times than it has been proven wrong.The belief and faith induced by scientific theories has been develop over time through constant provision of proof and evidence, which are the sanctioned requirements for human worlds to trust in something. While studying and understanding theories regarding sub-atomic particles, which are practically invisible, such as the VSEPR theory or the theory of hybridization, I dont question the strength of the theory itself as it is a result of extensive research and has cudgel the challenges posed by many to prove them wrong.Thus, the efforts to prove the theory wrong and the failure to do so obtain actually reinforced the belief in science, thus pr oviding a logical and universal explanation justifying the theory formulated. Also, human nature suggests that we pick up to believe in something, and more often than not people adopt the logical, experimental and evidence rich path provided by science. We tend to believe in the ideals a majority believes, be it a country, a city, a community or even our immediate family.For example, if your family believes that the economic crisis will eventually affect your future, even you tend to follow convention and believe in the same thing. Taking the example of the cure for cancer, people at first did not believe that cancer was ever curable due the number of deaths that had amounted. Their belief that the dose developed, actually cured cancer was eventually strengthened as the positive evidences kept increasing.Today if a scientist says that he has developed a new cure for cancer, people would believe in the drug as they know science has accomplished it before, and hence can probably achieve the same feat again. In the natural sciences, research begins with a hypothesis which is followed by experiments and later proof of whether the hypothesis is accurate or is invalid. In contrast to this, we observe that in many experiments conducted, the results vary marginally and hence hamper the certainty of the research, which means that scientists have o affirm on various degrees of certainty based on their recorded set to establish the overall certainty of a research project.This implies that many of the theories being applied today are not of absolute certainty, thus the use of such theories can be attributed to our belief and faith in science as a reliable source of information. Shifting the focus to my spot area of knowledge which is human sciences, Id like to state its primary objectives to help understand the formulation of the theories more effectively.The aims of virtually all human sciences are the same to explain human behavior, formulate theories to reckon it, and then develop remedies for the problems identified by those predictions. They use the same scientific method as natural sciences but cannot hypothesize the reactions of the human beings, as each of them respond to the research questions in different ways and take up different and forms of emotion and reasoning depending upon the kind of questions asked.Most research in human sciences begins with intuition which then leads to proof. Here, the scientists believe that a particular(a) stimulant would produce a certain behavioral effect on a person or a community that is being experimented upon and the statistics collected are processed to analyze the change in behavior. These theories regarding human behavior are accurate for a majority of the trials but often there are exceptions which destabilize the foundation of the theory, which again affect the belief people have in the theories in human sciences.Taking an example from economics the Keynesian and the Monetarist views ar e contrasting food market development methods which argue the role of the politics in regulating the market function in the economy. One proposes intensive government intervention whereas the other proposes minimal intrusion by it respectively. process the 2007 global recession the markets followed the monetarist model but the immense financial problems caused and market failures recorded called for a reform which turned the governments towards the Keynesian model.This signifies that more often than not the theories in human sciences stand, but they can be overcome and felled with the inclusion of a strong stimulus. And if the theories prove ineffective there would endlessly be another theory formulated as backup which could be applied and the same expected results could be yielded. The economic example presented here stresses on the fairly large margin for error present in the human sciences, which primarily differentiates it from natural science which are purely bloodsucking on proofs and evidence.Also the common element prevalent in both these sciences is that of research period. Theories of both sciences require a long and strenuous research period to incorporate all the hypothesis, observations, experiments, and data collection, which are required to prove the theory. These similarities and dissimilarities introduce us to the ethical concept of certainty which plays a rattling role in balancing out the conflict between emotion and reason. We perceive science to be a reliable and an accurate source of information due to its extensively experimental, research dependent and foolproof nature, i. . we are emotionally inclined towards the sciences as they have the proof to back up their theories. But as we see from the examples, they do not offer complete certainty as there is always an exception to a particular theory and hence by reason, our belief in science should be far less than it actually is. The simple explanation to this would be that reason fa vors science as it has proven itself more often than not and as we have observed, failure to prove theories wrong increases and strengthens our belief in its relevance and accuracy.Thus we can conclude by answering the primary question staged in the introduction as to what makes theories formulated by the sciences so convincing. The extensive research involved and the proof presented in favor of the theory play a major role in developing the certainty, this is hygienic complimented by the belief and faith science has cultivated in human beings and the strong the emotional and reasonable backing that has been made available by this belief in them.

Historical Report on Paul Lauterbur

Historical everyplacecompensate on Paul Lauterbur Paul Lauterbur was born right here in Sidney, Ohio in 1929. He attended Case Institute of Technology where he majored in chemistry. After graduating with his Bachelors degree, he started working for Dow Corning quite a little in their Mellon Institute Laboratories. While working he took graduate courses at the University of Pittsburgh for free where he later true his PhD degree in 1962. During his studies, he learned about nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).Then he was drafted into the phalanx from 1954-1955 then left to work at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He realized new images could be made from NMR. Lauterburs breakthrough idea was to vary the strength of the magnetic field over the object which in turn emitted various radio waves that could be off-key into images . Then he turned to using these variances on clams and light-green peppers in the beginning. This displayed different types of tissues in the im ages which later was used to distinguish betwixt healthy tissue and tumors. In 2003, he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.Not only did he have breakthroughs in imaging NMR, but in non-imaging NMR spectroscopy proving a method for the investigation of matter. Paul received many more awards during his life including the Gold Medal of the Society of magnetized Resonance in Medicine, US depicted object Medal of Technology, US National Medal of Science, and Roentgen Medal. Sources http//nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/lauterbur-cv. html http//nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/lauterbur. html http//www. rsc. org/chemistryworld/issues/2007/whitethorn/PaulLauterbur. asp

Health Dissertation ideas †Applied Musculoskeletal Podiatry

Introduction Pathology that social movements metatarsalgiaMortons Neuroma can be draw as a perineural fibrosis and plaque compression of the roughhewn digital centre. This circumstance oftentimes occurs in the second and third in stipulationetatarsal quads, although it can be seen in other intermetatarsal spaces (Pace, Scammell and Dhar, 2010). According to Adams (2010) neuroma whitethorn be bilateral, ar more paramount in female adults starting their third decade of life. Whilst the actual cause of Mortons neuroma is not clear, it is believed to be associated with hypermobility of the metatarsals, in addition to repetitive motions which in the end grind nerves in metatarsals. There be suggestions from anecdotal studies that Mortons neuroma is directly linked to crush injuries or repetitive running or jumping motions. The results of such repetitive actions may lead to legal injury or injury on the area of the fore butt.There is alike the possibility of morphologic al mis alliance and mechanical abnormalities that may be see at the forefoot, which may because lead to creation of symptomatic Mortons neuroma (Pace, Scammell and Dhar, 2010). Structural misalignment in this compositors case may refer to lateral compression of foot, which can lead to constant quantity pain when inflamed bursa is squeezed amid the metatarsal heads. Hauser (2011) observes that one of the most common structural concerns is the possibility that lax in intermetatarsal ligament may cause inter-digital nerve tissue to shift into a wrong place, particularly in between the areas of metatarsal heads and be subject to comprehensive trauma.The common subjective chronicle comprise on patients reports is usually display caseised by numbness and tingling, and radiating and fervent pain. Patients reports too suggest that the pain is local anaestheticised at the plantar picture of the specific intermetatarsal space, although it can also extend itself and radiate into ot her conterminous toenails of the infected person (Berry, Gonzalez, bowman, 2012). Patients often describe their feeling of lump on the foots bottom. Significantly, these symptoms may rise when the infected carries out(a) a weight-bearing activity. Reports indicate that closed-toed shoes, particularly the tight-fitting ones can lead to increase in symptoms, and patients report relief by and by they remove or revision their shoes (Summers, 2010). Relief may also be experienced when the patient messinessages their foot or moves the toes around.Aetiology of this condition and how it would be recognised clinically look for has realised that Mortons neuroma is unique in terms of clinical diagnostic requirements or needs (Drury, 2011). This is because although patients frequently report symptoms such as numbness, at that place is evidence that sensory deficit may or may not be nominate when the patient goes through examination. Drury (2011) observes that there may be a demonst ration of splaying or divergence of the digits when clinical presentation is carried out, and that more often than not little or no edema or inflammation can be observed clinically. Typically, reproducing pain with palpation to the intermetatarsal space is a normal activity, but care must be taken to put the pressure in the space, and avoid the metatarsal heads.There break been motley clinical strategies to assist clinicians effectively diagnose Mortons neuroma. Schreiber et al (2011) Faraj and Hosur (2010) report that patients may demonstrate a Mulders sign, which is provoked by squeezing the forefoot and conducting application of plantar and dorsal pressure. In other words, clinical experiment for Mortons neuroma has all along been to compress the foot by applying pressure to the medical and lateral aspects of the foot at the metatarsophangeal joints, which in unloose puts pressure on nerves (Pastides, El-Sallakh and Charalambides, 2010 503).A positive clinical test end en tails a pop or firedog that can be matte up and heard at the same time. This pop or click is usually painful to the patient. There is a possibility of replicating symptoms of Mortons neuroma in a process involving Gauthier test, where the forefoot is squeezed and medial to lateral pressure is applied (Beltran et al., 2010). mayonnaise Clinic (2010) has subsequently described a test consisting of hyperextending the toes and rolling the thumb of the tester in the area of symptoms, a process that may place a tender, thickened, and longitudinal mass of flesh. Clinical findings also indicate that Mortons neuroma may also show Tinels sign as thoroughly as Valleix phenomenon (Berry, Gonzalez and Bowman, 2012).The other pathway for detecting Mortons neuroma is diagnostic testing. This process involves intelligible radiography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (Summers, 2010). Radiographs are routinely ordered to traffic pattern out musculoskeletal pathology, even though ris e in law of proximity of the adjacent metatarsal heads is believed to result in increased pressure of the intermetatarsal nerve. Furthermore, Hause (2010) found no significant correlation between radiographic findings and the clinical nominal head of neuromas.In addition, there is the recommendation to use ultrasound in the diagnostic evaluation of the interspaces (Hause, 2010). Drury (2011 19) observes that there is a likelihood of a neuroma appearing as an ovoid mass with hypoechoic signal-mass to the long axis of the metatarsals. . Adams (2010), however, advises that although MRI is a helpful diagnostic tool, it should always be reserved for atypical presentations or to evanesce binary neuromas. Significantly, neuroma can be best identified on T1 weight down images, and its likely to come out as a well-demarcated mass with minimal signal intensity. In summary, clinical diagnostic approach to identify Mortons neuroma can be achieved by ensuring that examination and diagnost ic testing has ruled out any other etiologies of symptoms.Conservative treatment handling for Mortons neuromaNo best treatment interventions moderate been identified in the literature for treatment of Mortons neuroma. Conservative intervention for Mortons neuroma is considered to be one of the best treatments alternatives for the condition. However, some of the common standpat(prenominal) treatment options involve changing shoe type, use of metatarsal pads, and use of non-sex hormoneal anti-inflammatory drugs, administering sclerosing alcohol dead reckonings, and surgically transposing the offending nerve (Summers, 2010). Many doctors and physical therapists have recommended that patients are put to rest for a specific period of time, and reduce activities that may elicit pain (Pastides, El-Sallakh and Charalambides, 2012).Injections as an interventionVarious clinical studies have exposed the need to consider injection as a mend treatment option for Mortons neuroma all over o ther non-surgical treatment options available. In a view conducted by Drury (2010) antithetic conservative treatment measures often produce similar results. In a small randomise likely study of 23 patients, the researchers compared decrement in neuroma pain when supinatory or pronatory insoles are used. In the study, there was no explicit inclusion or projection criteria other than clinical diagnosis, and no participant or evaluator was considered dip to the intervention allocations. The study had 13 percent of the participants (two patients) drop out later one month into the experiment. After 12 months, pain in the supination and pronation insole groups reduced by 50 percent and 45 percent, respectively- a reduction considered insignificant.In another study, a physically active 25-year-old female with diagnosed symptomatic Mortons neuroma was put through a massage therapy sessions. The six-session massage therapy tough a 60-75 minute weekly massage exercise involving postu ral alignment in addition to localised foot and leg treatment. The patient was also put to complete at-home daily exercise, with a weekly monitoring of change by the therapist who reassessed the patients posture and ensuring the client fills out a pain survey based on a optical Analog Scale. The results indicated progressive change on the side of the client in terms of pain character. Specific patient report indicates that the pain character changed from burning and stabbing to dull and pulsing sensation after third sessions. There was also a reduction in pain during exercise.Although this study suggests that massage therapy is a significant treatment for Mortons neuroma, its weakness is based on the fact that the treatment only involved one client. No study has indicated the effectiveness of the method on a larger randomised control studies.In a prospective randomised study involving 82 patients, the researchers compared steroid injections alone based on shoe modifications (Berry, Gonzalez and Bowman 2012). some(a) of the recorded primary effects were patient satisfaction, which is basically the presence or absence of pain, the pain intensity, and return of pain afterwards.The results of the study indicated that steroid injections riposteed better end in terms of patient satisfaction, compared with other conservative options such as shoe modifications alone. In this study, 23 percent of shoe-modification patients achieved complete satisfaction after one month of intervention. This was significantly start than the 50 percent of patients who experienced significant pain reduction after one month of steroid injection. After six months, 28.6 percent of the participants experienced satisfaction with shoe modification, significantly lower than 73.5 percent satisfaction amongst those who had received injection.Although the difference was significant lower after one year with 63 percent satisfaction with shoe modification and 82 percent with injection, the re duction could have occurred because patients were allowed to cross over after six months. The researchers observed that no complications were describe, although the study was limited by a high cross-over rate from shoe modification group to injection group after 6moths.Some studies have investigated other techniques such as the use of sclerosing effects of alcohol (Pastides, El-Sallakh and Charalambides, 2012 Schreiber, 2011 Beltran, 2010 Pace, Scammell and Dhar, 2010), where delivery is done by multiple injections guided by ultrasound techniques over time. Improvements were report in term of clients satisfaction with no long-term adverse effects in various case series.It is mostly recommended that even as an injection is used as the chosen treatment option, other supplementary make lovement options such as shoe adjustments and calf-stretching exercises should also be implemented concurrently. However, in case the conservative interventions fail to work, many patients may be advi sed to allow operating theater to remove the neuroma or just to release pressure from ligaments. Studies have, however, indicated that 15 to 20 percent of these surgeries will not relieve the patient from pain, and may also lead to various complications such as local post-surgery infections, scar tissue, and damage of soft tissues which may affect normal foot functions. It has also been established that there is a possibility of neuroma recurring after the surgery.Conclusion Whilst the exact cause of Mortons neuroma is not known, the common belief is that it is caused by hypermobility of the metatarsals. This may also be aggravated by repetitive motions involving grinding of nerve bundle. The common symptoms are patients describing their feeling of lump on the foots bottom. These symptoms may increase when the patient engages in weight-bearing activity.Research has established that symptoms that may be associated with Mortons neuroma may not necessarily mean a person is suffering from the complication. This is why clinical diagnosis is often recommended. virtuoso of the most common clinical strategies that may be beneficial to clinicians analyze Mortons neuroma is patients demonstrating Mulders sign. A positive clinical test outcome involves a pop or click that can be felt and heard at the same time. Clinical findings also indicate that Mortons neuroma may also show Tinels sign as well as Valleix phenomenon (Berry, Gonzalez and Bowman, 2012).Although there are various conservative therapies used to manage Mortons neuroma complications including rest, weight loss, and exercise for muscle strengthening, orthotics, massage therapy, physiotherapy, and manipulation, these methods are found to be very effective. Its against this backdrop that injection is found to be a more effective way of managing the complication as reported by clients satisfaction studies. Injection may involve steroid injection, local anaesthetic injections or sclerosant injections. Injecti ons have been found to yield better outcome in terms of patient satisfaction, compared with other conservative options such as shoe modifications alone. It has also been established that there are no complications reported in injections. Medical practitioners, however, recommend that patients may be advised to undergo surgical intervention in case conservative interventions fail to yield desired results.ReferencesAdams WR. (2010). Mortons neuroma. Clin Podiatr Med Surg., (2)7 535-545.Beltran LS, Bencardino J, Ghazikhanian V, Beltran J. (2010). Entrapment neuropathies III lower limb. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol, 14 501-111.Berry K, Gonzalez P, and Bowman RG. (2012). Physical Medicine and Treatment for Morton Neuroma. Available from http//emedicine.medscape.com/article/308284-overview Accessed November 17, 2014..Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans R, et al. (2010). Effectiveness of manual(a) therapies the UK evidence report, Chiropractic & Osteopathy, 18(3)133Drury AL. (2011). Use of homeopathi c injection therapy in treatment of Mortons neuroma. Altern Ther Health Med, 2(1) 17-48.Faraj A, and Hosur A. (2010). The outcomes after using two different approaches for excision of Mortons neuroma. Chinese Medical Journal, 12 (3) 2195- 2198.Hauser R. (2011). A retrospective observational study on Hackett-Hemwall dextrose prolotherapy for unresolved foot and toe pain at an outpatient charity clinical in rural Illinois. J of Prolotherapy 2 (3) 543-551.Mayo Clinic. (2010). Mortons Neuroma. Accessed September 16, 2010. Available from http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/mortons-neuroma/DS00468. publish & Updated October 5, 2010.Pastides P, El-Sallakh S, Charalambides C. (2012) Mortons neuroma A clinical versus radiological diagnosis. Foot Ankle Surg, 18 22-4.Pace A, Scammell B, Dhar S. (2010). The outcome of Mortons neurectomy in the treatment of metatarsalgia. Int Orthop, 3 (4)511-5.Schreiber K, Khodaee M, Poddar S, gabardine EM. (2011). Clinical Inquiry. What is the best way to treat Mortons neuromaInt Orthop, 60 157-158.Summers A. (2010). diagnosing and treatment of Mortons neuroma. Emerg Nurse, 1(8) 16-17.

Snort

shit dodge softw atomic turning 18 programByCollegeCourseProfessorDateAbstractThere has been a battle of domination among tech giants for quite a long superstar company is unceasingly trying to outsmart the otherwise. Positively speaking we can say that this has guide to many innovations that have come in ready to hand(predicate) to come across the customers navigations loose (morris-2014).Looking at it from the customers eye, selection of good softwargon has been a daunt task as most of them be brilliant if not classic. cream of an operating is quite easy technologarithmy gurus but the situation is diametrical for customers that are gaunt to a product just because of peer fiber or it popularity. Most of them end up being disap poseed with their acquired placements later they underperform or demand other requirements to function. It is this battle that has led to speciality of the products in the technology industry, a keen analysis will acquaint that some oper ating systems perform brilliantly in ace knit but fail in another one and only(a) is good in programming but moderate in its internet speed and wrong versa.This research should be an eye opener for the operating system customers sooner they pack bucks to go shopping for an OS they should know the precise features that they take their OS to have and hence need to do detailed barb to avoid confusion and later frustrations. Well, the most common operating system is windows banking on popularity, but Linux is also catching up. Mac is out of suspicion in this research as it only operates on Apple devices and if one owns the device then he has no option but cleave to Mac operating system. On that point, I will be focal point on windows and Linux software program in a bid to prove my point clear.The comparisons between these two should clearly show that one is superior to the other I back the Linux system. To add a mint of credibility I will be sourcing for teaching from trustwo rthy online sites and critical articles that speak in favor of Linux. This will do a demeanor with bias and give the commentator relevant insights. In the result section I will be showing that, truly there are bene go overs of Linux over windows software. In the tidings part I will highlight the requirements to serve Linux, its file system location, instructions to suck up it and give examples of companies that use Linux to prove my point. IntroductionLinux was developed in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.It is a free open character open source operating system that allows exploiters customize their own source code extra to main source code of Linux. It can be used on any device, smartphone, gaming consoles, e-books and desktops, however, it is mainly used as a horde because of its openness and easy functionality. A common distribution of linux is the kernel this is the telephone exchange operating system component and link between a software application and its data. Other distrib utions are downloading tools, system utilities, programs. It also comes in handy when injecting or un launching updates.The ability of Linux to allow easy data handling and have resizable folders, buttons, windows and icons has make a preferred OS over its competitors as web developers use it to train themselves. Its robustness, scalability and flexibility have also made it a base OS for giant companies (gagne-2014). Some of it outstanding benefits are open source nature, this allows it drug users to see the codes and make modifications. Community sup mien system, this enables the user to reach share his problems to the Linux community and solutions be offered without waiting for experts. Reliability, it runs smoothly with no delays and reboot commands. Free to use, the customers can access it freely and even run it without subscriptions.Privacy does not pop out additional tools or make commands for information collection. Best for programming, allows a variety of programming app lications like c/c++, python, perl and java to run on the OS.Research MethodsI used internet articles and scholarly reviews to build on my case. I mainly focused on the ones that explained the advantages that Linux has and disadvantages of windows. I also read ones that said the advantages of windows over linux. I aggregated the results of one party one party over the other and also summed the disadvantages of one case over the latter. This is the method I used so as to not look biased. I sourced the installation instructions from Linux and Windows official sites so that to give detailed travel and prove which one was elemental to install and run and which had additional requirements for the process to begin.Results I discovered that windows has 13 steps to installation of the main and will require an antivirus before you begin to run the operating system. Windows also has a variety of products that are only fit to certain types of devices depending on the year it was manufactured and the storage space on the device. Linux on the other hand has 11 steps that can be downed to 6 and does not need an antivirus installation before it starts running. This feature reduces cost. This proves that Linux is way cheaper and way easy to control than windows. DiscussionThe steps after installation are not essential if you only need the Linux OS to be doing simple tasks like typing and doing calculation (dubey-2016).There also minimal requirements essential to run Linux on your device, they are2GHz dual core processor2GiB system memory25 GB hard drive space, that can hold a USB stick, memory broadsheet on external driveVGA that has 1024 by 768 screen resolutionDVD/ CD or USB port for installer mediaInternet access ( optional)The requirements to install it on your desired servers are also slight compared to windowsProcessor should be 300MHz by 86 or above take should be 256MiB or above Disk space of 1.5GB or aboveMonitor billet and graphic card of 640 by 480 CD driveS ystem files or log files are located in the directory of the software there are assorted log files for different applications on the system.The most common files are history files that take on installation and removal information. In the directory you can view it at cagey then history.logOther file destinations in the directory areInstaller, log files created during installationKern.log, kernel information like errors and warningsAlternatives.log, set of history on alternatives set by different packagesXorg.org, details on graphic driver that includes it warnings and failuresApport.log, saves information about number of crashes the OS has experiencedInstructions to install your Linux software are simpleDownload the OS from Ubuntu site, this ensures it is authenticBurn the OS on a CD, memory card or forte diskPartition the computers hard driveInsert your installer to the specific portRestart your device and wait for Linux installation window to appearSelect the spoken communicat ion on the BIOS and click installCheck both boxes for preparing to install Ubuntu and continueCheck erase disk and install Ubuntu, click install nowFollow the prompts to set location and time and enter your user informationSelect log in information and restart the computerSelect Ubuntu and press enterConclusion War lines were drawn on the technology industry floor when there was emergence of software and the situation tensed further when modifications were being done on the systems. each(prenominal) fronts have diehards and sycophants to vehemently prove their sides stronger but we must all gybe that there are specific tasks that on OS performs bring out than the other it is on this truce that I have prove that Linux has a better understanding of its customer base and it is by far the best as it offers simpler and more efficient tools over its arch rival. It is sad that a companys control is always measured by its net sales and popularity but the judge ignore its suitability and fail to account for the grumbles from the customers.Truth be said, it is this ratings that breaking wind to misleading of more customers. Linux efficiency and supremacy can be proved by giant companies that run on it facebook, Google, Amazon, McDonalds, twitter, IBM, DELL, NASA and even the American submarines (das-2014). This business proves the point that Linux has a high level of privacy, is fast, can be circumscribed to feed specific needs, cannot easily crash, is inexpensive and holds a large touchstone of data. Thumb rule of any manufacturing company should be allow customers ride the value for their money but meeting their specific needs.What is the need of acquiring of acquiring an operating system that is not long lasting or one that will need regular updates for it to function? That is how I fold that Linux is by far much better than Windows operating system.ReferencesLA Morris- 2014Multi-OS (operating system) boot via wandering(a) deviceG Gagne- 2014Operating syst em conceptsSK Dubey- 2016Implementation of operating system selection using AHP- entropy modelD Das- 2014Performance mensuration and management model of data generation and writing time.

Columbia Capital Structure

Some other danger factors acknowledge substantial cyclical fluctuation, the effects of unseasonable weather conditions, and the popularity of the out-of-door activities. In order to minimize the negative impacts on this business sector, the smart set started a series Of strategic initiatives, such as product innovation program, newfound multi-channel and multi-country direct-to-consumer platform, information management and their enhanced marketing efforts. All those improvement and cap punishment involve signifi preemptt investment in SO&A expenses and its bushel cost.Thus it is essential to look back and evaluate their current ceiling expression and payout policies to exam whether the social club would start on carrying debt or whether they provoke counterpoise cash return to their investors. Despite capital of South Carolinans regular divid overthrow payouts and stock repurchases, they does non declare a healthy cash and short-term investment balance. According to t he pecuniary data provided in Annual Report, the major financing needs include capital expenditures, working capital expenses, stock buybacks, and dividend payouts. In 201 1 , capital of South Carolina spent $78 one thousand million in capital expenditure and $92. one thousand thousand in working capital investments which was increased from $29 million and $78. 9 million from last social class. Even though the companys net income increases over time, they subscribe generated negative free cash flow for both fiscal year of 2011 and 2010 with around $14. 6 million and $53 million respectively. Currently, the company gross revenue short-term investments to finance those capital expenditures which should not be a great term strategy as the company only has $2. 9 million short-term investments sitting on the balance sheet at the end of 2011.If the company maintains its positiveness and its capital grammatical construction as the end of fiscal year 2010, Columbia will have signific ant monetary difficulties to roleplay capital expenditure requirement and will have emitted resources for distribution to investors in the form of a cash dividend and stock repurchases with current payout rate. In conclusion, Columbia may need to seek additional funding. Even though, historically the company have limited their reliance on debt to finance their working capital, capital expenditures and investing activity requirements.We suggest that the company need to revise their capital structure policy by increasing debt to finance the business activities. Debt not only can provide coverage for any general cost and unforeseen expenses, it also serves as a tax shield allowing more capital to be available to investors. The assumption here is that the company can earn more in tax savings from borrowed funds than it pays in interest expenses and fees on these funds. As shown in Exhibit X, Columbians WAC hit a minimum of 6. 6% at 30% debt proportion, or debt to equity ratio of 0. 3 . As the graph illustrates below, less than 30% debt or debt beyond 40% cause WAC to increase. Also, the PEPS and ROE increase compared to the current 100% equity model. In a business, debt is a two-edged sword. Aggressive use of leverage increases the amount of financial resources available for growth, expansion, and payout for investors. But if Columbia adopts a juicyly leveraged capital structure policy, it may find its freedom of action restricted by its creditors and its profitability may hurt as a result of paying high interest expenses.It may also affect the companys profitability and liquidity when the business has trouble meeting Operating and debt liabilities during unfavorable economic conditions. Additionally, too lots debt versus equity would potentially affects business credit rating, which is the evaluation of a companys ability to give principle and interest on debt obligations. Since the company do not have much experience on carrying debt on their lance sheet, we recommend the company to start the process slow.

Improving Student Test Scores Utilizing Brain

Improving Student Test slews Utilizing Brain-Based Learning People often say that everyone can learn. Every whateverbody is natural with a nous that functions as an immensely powerful surgical processor. Brain-based scholarship offers some direction for educators who want more than than purposeful, informed teaching. This paper give provide knowledge on how reason-based learn make believes. In addition, discuss how drumhead-based skill is improving school-age child test scores. Lastly, provide look for findings on the benefits of brain-based skill.Creating stress-free surroundingss, enhancing obscure cognitive skills, and get winding memory become essential in brain-based scholarship. Receiving, encoding, storing, and retrieving information make sense as the memory path ship canal atomic number 18 defined. Assessing student learning becomes the simple task of accessing the same methods that were used for teaching. The more we see the brain, the break up we w ill be able to educate it. Brain-Based Learning (definition)Brain-based learning is the informed process of using a group of practical strategies that are set by sound principles derived from brain research. Brain-based education is defined by trinity words, engagement, strategies, and principles. It is learning in accordance with the way the brain is naturally intentional to learn (Jensen, 2008). The overall goal of brain-based education is to attempt to bring insights from brain research into the arena of education to enhance teaching and learning.The area of wisdom often referred to as brain research typically entangles neuroscience studies that probe the patterns of cellular education in various brain areas and brain imaging techniques, with the latter(prenominal) including functional MRI scans and positron-emission tomography scans that go out scientists to examine patterns of activity in the wake, thinking, gay brain. These brain imaging techniques allow scientists to examine activity in spite of appearance various areas of the brain as a person engages in rational actions much(prenominal) as attending, learning, and remembering.Proponents of brain-based education espouse a iverse group of educational places and approaches, and they cosmopolitanly attempt to ground claims about effective practice in recently discovered facts about the human brain. They argue that there has been an remarkable explosion of new findings related to the farmment and organization of the human brain and that the current state of this work can inform educational practice in meaningful ways. Advances in brain science led brain-based educator David A. Sousa to proclaim that no longer is teaching just an art form, it is a science (Sousa, 1998).Principles of Brain-Compatible Learning that be take a crap Emerged from Brain Research. Educators who arrive at a downplay in the neurobiology of learning and memory hasten a distinct payoff in their classrooms. By follow ing the brain-based teaching principles we can create an en racyed, brain-compatible environs and effectively counter such existing negative influences as stress, eternal sleep deprivation, and poor nutrition. According to Ronal Kotulak in his 1996 book Inside the Brain, an enriched environment can contribute up to 25% increase in the itemise of brain connections both(prenominal) early and later in life.Our environments need to allow for active manipulation. To summarize, there are at least twelve principles of brain-compatible learning that have emerged from brain research. 1. Uniqueness-every sing brain is totally unique. 2. Impact of affright of high stress can alter and impair learning and so far kill brain cells. 3. Emotions are critical to learning-they drive upkeep, health, learning and memory. 4. teaching is stored and retrieved through multiple memory and neuronic pathways. 5. All learning is mind-body-movement, foods, attention cycles, all have powerful effects.6.T he brain is a complex and reconciling system-effective change involves the entire system. 7. Patterns and programs drive our disposition-intelligence is the ability to construct patterns. 8. The brain is meaning-driven-meaning is more important to the brain that information. 9. Learning is often rich and non-conscious-we process both parts simultaneously. 10. The brain develops better in concert with other brains. 11. The brain develops with various stage of readiness. 12. Enrichment-the brain and grow new connections at any(prenominal) age. Cognitive skills develop better with music and motor skills (Kotulak, 1996).Three instructional Techniques Associated with Brain-Based Learning. Orchestrated immersion-creating leaning environments that fully immerse students in an educational experience. The appraisal is to take information off the blackboard to bring it to life in the minds of students. Orchestrated immersion provides learners with rich, complex experiences that include op tions and a sense of wholeness. Relaxed alertness-trying to turn down fear in learners, whole maintaining a highly challenging environment. It is a dynamic state that is compatible with great deal of change.Relaxed alertness ensures that students are being challenged within a context of safety. It also includes a individualist(prenominal) sense of well-being that allows students to explore new thoughts and connections. Active processing- Allowing the learner to consolidate and internalize information by actively processing it. It is the path to soul, rather than simply to memory. Active processing necessarily engages emotions, concepts and values (Caine & Caine, 1994). How Brain-Based Learning Impacts Education. in that respect are three ways that brain-based learning concussions education through curriculum, instruction, and assessment.Curriculum- teachers moldiness plan learning close to student interests and make learning contextual. Instruction- educators permit studen ts learn in teams and use peripheral learning. Teachers social organisation learning around authentic fusss, encouraging students to also learn in setting international the classroom and the school building. Assessment-since all students are learning, their assessment should allow to understand their own learning styles and preferences, this way, students monitor and enhance their own learning process (Jensen, 1998). What Brain-Based Learning Suggests.How the brain works has a satisfying impact on what kinds of learning activities are most effective. Educators need to help students have countenance experiences and capitalize on those experiences. As Renate Caine points out in her book qualification Connections, three interactive elements are essential to his process. Teachers moldiness immerse learners in complex, interactive experiences that are both rich and square. One excellent deterrent example is immersing students in a foreign culture to teach them a minute of arc l anguage. Educators must take advantage of the brains ability to analogue process.Students must have a personally meaningful challenge. Such challenges become a students mind to the desired state of alertness. In order for a student to gain insight about a problem, there must be intensive analysis of the different ways to approach it, and about learning in general. This is whats known as the active processing of experience. A few other tenets of brain-based learning include Feedback is vanquish when it comes from reality, rather than from an authority figure. People learn best when solvent realistic problems. The big picture cant be detached from the details.Because every brain is different, educators should allow learners to customize their won environments. The best problem solvers are those that laugh (Caine & Caine, 1994). Most neuroscientists believe that at birth the human brain has all the neurons it will ever have. Some connections, those that control such automatic funct ions as breathing and heartbeat, are in place at birth, but most of the individuals mental circuitry results from experiences that greet the newborn infant and continue, probably, throughout his or her life. Some researchers believe the circuits are completed by age five or six.Other studies extend the period of development from birth to the later elementary school years. Still others argue that center connections can be modified throughout life with new connections forming peradventure even late in life. The links between learning, the number of neural connections, or the time frame for development of those connections are not intelligibly understood. These and other findings encourage educators and parents to expose very young children to a manakin of learning experiences-providing blocks and beads to handle and observe, talking to the child, playing peek-a-boo.How does Brain-Based Learning remedy Student Test Scores. Recent scientific studies about the brain and how it lear ns have given educational leaders and teachers new insights about teaching and learning. Recently, educators have explored links between classroom teaching and emerging theories about how battalion learn. Exciting discoveries in neuroscience and continue developments in cognitive psychology have presented new ways of thinking about the brain-the human neurological structure and the attendant perceptions and emotions that contribute to learning.Brain-based research also discusses the school environment that is best for optimal learning to occur. According to Dr. Petrie and Dr. Chan in their article, The Brain Learns Better in Well-Designed develop Environments, optimal learning takes place in well-ventilated classrooms, which offer mickle of water for students to drink. In addition, students learn best in bright sensitive colored well-lit environments that offer challenging activities including visual and playing arts, physical activity, and real life situations (Chan & Petrie, 1998). Summary of FindingsA study Conducted by the Education assumption in 1998, done in collaboration with the Council of Chief State School Officers (CCSSO), stages those qualities which appear to be necessary to promote student achievement. Such qualities demonstrate how teaching to higher standards can be effective when appropriate support. This work analyzed data collected from 1200 high do high scantiness elementary schools in 21 states. The study concluded that high performing high poverty schools tend to use state standards extensively to design curriculum and instruction, assess student work, and evaluate teachers.Over 80% of the happy schools in this study were using state standards to design instruction, assess student work and evaluate teachers. In the great majority of top performing schools in this study, extended learning time in the areas of math and reading was provided for their students. In addition, to crease student achievement, these schools often devote d a bigger proportion of funds to support professional development focused on changing instructional practice.The school in this study appeared to be making greater progress than lower performing schools in creating greater opportunities for teacher to obtain training in those areas determined to be important to share students achieve. It was noted that a majority of schools implemented comprehensive systems to monitor individual student progress and provide extra support to students as concisely as its needed. 80% of the schools in this study had systematic ways to identify and provide early support to students in danger of dropping behind in the academic progress.It was obvious in this study that the more uccessful schools focus their efforts to involve parents on helping students meet standards the traditional social function of parents in schools is that to provide support in fund raising efforts. In the majority of the schools in this study, parents were given opportunities to increase their knowledge of the standards, be twisty in curriculum and in reviewing students work.Lastly, it was clearly observed that these successful schools have state and district accountability systems in place that have real consequences for adults in schools (The Education Trust, Inc. 1999). Teachers can no longer ignore the findings and implications of brain-based research in the educational environment. The cognitive development of children is affected by a multitude of diverse factors, but educators have been slow to recognize the impact that brain-based research provides in our awareness of the role of the brain in learning Findings suggests that heredity provides 30-60 percent of our brains wiring, while 40-70 percent is due(p) to environmental factors (Jensen, 1998).Teachers and educational leaders need to develop a biologic understanding of how the brain works. In order for student achievement to continue, principals must look at all aspects of instructional stra tegies. Understanding the brains ability to grow and adapt in response to stimuli increases our ability to develop meaningful relevant lessons, which challenge students and broaden their comprehension of their world. Developing interdisciplinary instruction allows the brain to develop patterns and thus increases student learning.Learning to turn in brain research in the classroom helps teachers gain a deeper understanding of how students learn and to develop challenging lessons that stimulate the brain. All in all, understanding how the brain functions is just one more way to help students achieve. In conclusion, scientists caution that the brain is complex and, while research has revealed some significant findings, there is no widespread agreement about their applicability to the general population or to education in particular.Nevertheless, brain research provides rich possibilities for education and reports of students from this field have become popular topics in some education al journals. Enterprising organizations are translating these finding into professional development workshops and instructional programs to help teachers apply lessons from the research to classroom settings. Every person is born with a brain that functions as an immensely powerful processor. The more we understand the brain, the better we will be able to educate it.